RAILROAD  STRUCTURES 
AND  ESTIMATES 


BY 

J.  W.  ORROCK,  C.E. 

STRUCTURAL    ENGINEER 


FIRST  EDITION 

FIRST    THOUSAND 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


NEW   YORK 

JOHN   WILEY   &   SONS 

LONDON:   CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED 

1909 


4  , 


cC 


COPYRIGHT,  1909, 

BY 

J.  W.  OKKOCK 


Stanbope  ipress 

H.  GILSON  COMPANY 
BOSTON.  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 

UNDER  the  title  of  Railroad  Structures  and  Estimates,  the 
intention  is  to  cover  in  brief  and  concise  form,  the  numerous 
subjects  that  enter  into  the  Engineer's  Estimates  of  Railroad 
Building;  for  the  purpose  of  ready  reference,  as  to  general  construc- 
tion and  cost,  on  a  business  rather  than  a  technical  basis. 

As  it  is  impossible  to  give  data  to  suit  all  conditions,  the  weights, 
quantities,  and  cost,  are  given  in  detail  in  most  instances,  and  may 
be  varied  as  desired. 

The  author  is  indebted  to  H.  M.  Mackay,  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering,  McGill  University,  for  a  number  of  suggestions 
embodied  in  the  manuscript,  and  to  J.  G.  Sullivan,  Assistant 
Chief  Engineer,  for  permission  to  use  C.  P.  Ry.  Illustrations. 


J  87731 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I. 
TRACK  MATERIAL. 

PAGE 

Approximate  Quantities  and  Cost  of  Rails — Splices — Bolts  and  Nuts — 
Spikes — Ties — Ballasting — Surfacing — Track  Laying — Tie  Plates — 
Summary  Track  Material  above  Subgrade — Grading — Overhaul — 
Tile  Drains — Cross-waying — Clearing — Trees — Grubbing — Switches — 
Frogs — Stands — Lamps,  etc 3-25 


CHAPTER  II. 
FENCES,   GATES,   SIGN  POSTS,   ROAD   CROSSINGS  AND  GUARDS. 

Approximate  Quantities  and  Cost  of  Wire  Fence — Picket  Fence — Snow 
Fence — Safety  Crossing  Gates — Farm  Crossing  Gates — Sign  Boards 
and  Posts — Bridge  Warnings — Mail  Cranes — Road  Crossings — Over- 
head Farm  Crossings — Cattle  Guards,  etc 26-42 


CHAPTER  III. 
CULVERTS. 

Approximate  Quantities  and  Cost  of  Tile  Pipe  Culverts — Concrete  Pipe 
Culverts,  Mortar  Joints — Cast  Iron  Pipe  Culverts — Lead  and  Yarn 
Joints— Concrete  Arch  Culverts— Rail  Concrete  Culverts — Stone  and 
Wooden  Box  Culverts.  .  .  43-52 


CHAPTER  IV. 
BRIDGES. 

Approximate  Quantities  and  Cost  of  Deck  Plate  Girders — Half  Deck 
Plate  Girders — Deck  and  Through  Trusses — Drawbridges — Abut- 
ments— Piers — Timber  Trestles — Steel  Trestles — Howe  Trusses — 
Subways — Overhead  Crossings — Bridge  Guards — Retaining  Walls — 
Cribs— Tunnels,  etc 53- 


vi  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  V. 
BUILDINGS. 

PAGE 

Approximate  Estimate  and  Cost  of  Tool  Houses — Watchman's  Shanty — 
Section  Houses — Privies — Stations — Station  Furniture — Platforms — 
Freight  Sheds — Teamways — Engine  Houses — Boiler  Houses — Store- 
houses— Oil  Houses — Ice  Houses — Ice  Making — Cold  Storage — Coal- 
ing Stations — Ash  Pits — Sand  Houses — Track  Scales — Stock  Yards — 
Snow  Sheds— Turntables,  etc 87-173 


CHAPTER  VI. 
WATER  STATIONS. 

Approximate  Estimate  and  Cost  of  Pumps — Boilers — Service  Pipes — 
Pump  House — Tanks — Standpipes — Dams — Track  Tanks,  etc. .  .  .   174-206 


CHAPTER  VII. 
SHOPS. 

Approximate  Estimate  and  Cost  of  Blacksmith — Cabinet — Car  Machine 
— Car  Truck — Dry  Kiln — Foundry — Freight  Car — Frog  and  Switch — 
Locomotive — Boiler — Machine — Passenger  Car — Planing  Mill — Power 
House — Stores,  etc 207--218 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
SPECIFICATIONS  AND   CONTRACTS. 

Instructions  Regarding  Specifications — Forms — Proposals — Contracts, 
Plans,  and  Estimates 219-248 

CHAPTER    IX. 
ESTIMATING  NOTES. 

Excavation — Masonry — Piling — Riprapping — Paving — Brickwork- 
Steel  and  Iron  Work — Steel  and  Concrete — Paint — Timber — Carpen- 
try— Roofing — Plaster,  etc 249-2B2 


EAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND   ESTIMATES 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  j 

OF 


BAILEOAD    STEUCTUEES   AND   ESTIMATES 


CHAPTER  I. 

TRACK  MATERIAL. 

Rail. 

THE  standard  rail  section  recommended  by  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  is  now  generally  used,  manufactured  mostly  by 
the  Bessemer  Steel  Process.  Delivered  in  33-foot  lengths,  ends 
sawed  square  £nd  bolt  holes  for  splice  connections  accurately  drilled. 
A  small  percentage  in  shorter  lengths  is  generally  accepted;  the 
best  rails  are  usually  termed  No.  1,  and  those  not  of  the  best  No.  2. 
No.  1  rail  only,  is  used  in  main  line  or  fast  running  track. 

Rails  are  bought  and  paid  for  on  the  actual  weight,  and  are 
usually  quoted  in  gross  tons  (2240  pounds)  and  weight  per  yard 
(3  lineal  feet). 

General  Chemical  Composition. 

Carbon 0.45  to  0.65  per  cent. 

Phosphorus 0.06  to  0.85  per  cent. 

Silicon 0.10  to  0.20  per  cent. 

Manganese 0.75  to  1.05  per  cent. 

Sulphur 0.03  to  0.07  per  cent. 

General  Physical  Properties. 

Elastic  limit 55,000  to  65,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Ultimate  strength : 110,000  to  120,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elongation 12  to  15  per  cent.    (8  or  10  in.) 

Modulus  of  elasticity 29,000,000  to  30,000,000  Ibs. 

One  mile  of  single  track  requires: 

10,560  lineal  feet,  or  3520  yards. 
352  rails  if  30  feet  long. 
320  rails  if  33  feet  long. 
3 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


To  find  the  number  of  gross  tons  of  rail  required  for  one  mile 
of  single  track,  divide  the  weight  per  yard  by  7  and  multiply  by  11. 

Example.  —  For  70  pounds  rail,  (70  ^  7)  X  11  =  110  tons  per 
mile. 

K-HeacM 


K-Base-or-Flange  -»j 

Fig.  1.     Rail  Section. 

TABLE    1.  — QUANTITY   AND   APPROXIMATE    COST    OF   RAILS    PER    MILE, 

SINGLE    TRACK. 


Rail  dimensions. 

OT 

£ 

I 
8 

1 
1 

s 

g 

Tons  per  100  ft.  track. 

i~' 

a 

1 

Material  only  F.  O.  B. 

•         cars.* 

Section  mod- 
ulus. 

j 

1 

1 

In. 
2* 

2f 

2tt 
2| 

1 

la  J 

B 

6  ^ 
!*« 

6 
6.7 
7.4 
8.2 
9.3 
10.0 
11.0 
12.0 
13.3 
14.6 

In. 

4f 
5 
5| 

5* 

In. 
4* 

4| 

5 

5& 
5* 

In. 
t 

* 

If 

H 

If 
ft 
A 
ft 

56 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 

60.00 
56.00 
51.69 
48.00 
44.80 
42.00 
39.53 
37.33 
35.37 
33.60 

1.67 
1,79 
1.94 
2.09 
2.24 
2.38 
2.53 
2.68 
2.83 
2.99 

88.00 
94.29 
102.12 
110.00 
117.86 
125.71 
133  57 
141.43 
149.29 
157.14 

Dol. 
2728 

2923 
3166 
3410 
3654 
3897 
4141 
4384 
4628 
4871 

Dol. 

Dol. 



NOTE.  —  For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  13. 
*  Price  for  track  rails  F.  O.  B.  Chicago,  1908  delivery,  $28.00  per  gross  ton. 
Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


TRACK  MATERIAL.  5 

Splices. 

Fish  plates,  angle  bars  and  special  fastenings  for  connecting  the 
rails  at  joints,  are  made  in  a  variety  of  designs;  the  ordinary  kind 
in  common  use  are  the  four  and  six  hole  angle  bars;  usually  quoted 
in  gross  tons  (2240  pounds). 

The  short  four-hole  angle  bar  suspended  rail  joint  only  will  be 
considered,  as  this  is  generally  the  most  acceptable  splice  in  service. 

Material. 
High-carbon  steel  open  hearth  or  basic  open  hearth. 

Average  Chemical  Composition. 

Carbon  not  to  exceed 0.15  per  cent. 

Phosphorus  not  to  exceed 0.10  per  cent. 

Manganese  not  to  exceed 0.40  to  0.60  per  cent. 


Fig.  2.     Rail  Splice. 


Average  Physical  Properties. 

Ultimate  strength 60,000  to  90,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in; 

Elastic  strength 30,000  to  45,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elongation  in  8  inches  not  less  than  25  per  cent. 
Reduction  in  area  not  less  than  30  per  cent. 

One  Mile  Single  Track  Requires 

352  pairs  angle  bars  for  30-foot  rails. 
320  pairs  angle  bars  for  33-foot  rails. 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE  2.  —  QUANTITY    AND    APPROXIMATE    COST    4-HOLE    ANGLE    BAR 
RAIL   JOINTS    PER    MILE,    SINGLE    TRACK. 


30-ft.  rail  lengths. 

33-ft.  rail  lengths. 

g 

* 

Material  only 

M 

•3 

Material  only 

2 

. 

F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

S 

• 

F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

1 

1 

I 

» 

5* 

"o 

2 

§^i 

£ 

£  ri 

J§ 

•3  S 

«g 

at 
* 

S 

B 

S  3 

S  ° 

B 

2 

§| 

S  ° 

_, 

i 

R 

fc®.d 

<3    •  x3 

h 

g,*8 

b  •  43  ' 

§ 

& 

§ 

A 

<5,<N  — 

-S*   '  11 

P, 

P.  (N  —  ' 

S1  '  ~ 

QJ 

^ 

_§ 

£ 

* 

£ 

H 

H 

5  * 

5  * 

3 

S 

5  * 

5  * 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

56 

24 

SO 

10560 

200 

212 

9600 

182 

192 

60 

?4 

11616 

220 

233 

10560 

200 

212 

65 

36 

12670 

240 

254 

11520 

218 

231 

70 

26 

42 

14784 

280 

296 

13440 

255 

269 

75 

26 

45 

15840 

300 

317 

14400 

273 

288 



80 

96 

49 

17248 

327 

345 

15680 

297 

314 

85 

26 

53 

18656 

354 

374 

16900 

320 

338 



QO 

?8 

61 

21472 

407 

430 

19520 

370 

391 

95 

28 

66 

23232 

440 

465 

21120 

400 

423 

100 

28 

71 

24992 

474 

500 

22720 

430 

455 

NOTE.  —  For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  1 3. 
*  Price  for  angle  bars  accompanying  rail  orders,  F.  O.  B.  Chicago,   1908  delivery, 
1.5  cts.;  car  lots. 

Bolts  and  Nuts. 

The  ordinary  rolled  or  cut  thread  shouldered  track  bolts  are 
made  of  steel  J  inch  to  1  inch  thick,  in  lengths  to  suit  rails  and 
fastenings  used,  and  are  generally  put  up  in  kegs  of  200  and  224 
pounds  in  weight.  The  nuts  are  either  hexagon  or  square.  The 
Harvey  grip,  or  other  approved  form  of  bolt,  is  generally  used, 
requiring  no  nutlocks. 

Average  Chemical  Composition. 

Soft  Bessemer  steel  with  carbon  not  to  exceed  0.15  per  cent. 
Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


Average  Physical  Properties. 

Ultimate  strength 54,000  to  64,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elastic  limit 27,000  to  32,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elongation  in  8  inches  not  less  than  25  per  cent. 

One  Mile  of  Track  Requires 

1408  bolts  and  nuts  for  4-hole  splice  bars,  30-foot  rail  lengths. 
1280  bolts  and  nuts  for  4-hole  splice  bars,  33-foot  rail  lengths. 


Fig.  3.     Harvey  Grip  Bolt. 

TABLE    3.  —  QUANTITY   AND   APPROXIMATE    COST   OF    BOLTS   AND    NUTS 
PER    MILE,    SINGLE    TRACK. 


Bolt  dimensions. 

30-ft.  rail  lengths. 

33-ft.  rail  lengths. 

•d 
>> 

S 

£ 

_bC 

'3 
£ 

1 
°o 

| 

55 

1 

I 

I 
I 

1 

Si 

a^ 
•4 

& 

! 
*! 

i 
i 

% 

Tons  per  mile  (2000  Ibs.)  . 

Material  only 
F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

8. 

•^ 
^ 

*  a 

1 
1 

£ 

Tons  per  mile  (2000  Ibs.)  . 

Material  only 
F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

Cost  per  mile 
at  $75  per  ton 
(2000  Ibs.). 

<D 

ft 

S." 
Si 

A 
1 

! 

Cost  per  mile 
at  $75  per  ton 
(2000  Ibs.). 

& 

S    . 

0 

&» 

3 

3 

'§ 

& 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

56 

3iX| 

1.20 

170 

8.4 

0.84 

63.00 

42 

7.7 

0.77 

57.75 

38.50 



60 

3iXf 

1.25 

160 

8.8 

0.88 

66.00 

44 

8.7 

0.80 

60.00 

40.00 



65 

3*XJ 

1.25 

160 

8.8 

0.88 

66.00 

44 

8.7 

0.80 

60.00 

40.00 

70 

4iXi 

1.33 

150 

9.4 

0.94 

70.50 

47 

8.5 

0.85 

63.75 

42.50 



75 

4|Xf 

1.33 

150 

9.4 

0.94 

70.50 

47 

8.5 

0.85 

63.75 

42.50 



80 

4fX| 

1.4 

143 

9.9 

0.99 

74.25 

49.50 

9.0 

0.90 

67.50 

45 

85 

4fXf 

1.4 

143 

9.9 

0.99 

74.25 

49.50 

9.0 

0.90 

67.50 

45 



90 

4*X| 

1.5 

134 

10.6 

1.06 

79.50 

53 

9.6 

0.96 

72.00 

48 

95 

4*X| 

1.5 

134 

10.6 

1.06 

79.50 

53 

9.6 

0.96 

72.00 

48 

100 

4|X1 

1.9 

105 

13.4 

1.34 

100.50 

57 

12.2 

1.22 

91.50 

61 

NOTE.  —  For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  13. 
*  Price  for  common  bolts  and  nuts  F.  O.  B.  Chicago,  2.15  cts.  to  2.20  cts.  base,  square 
nuts,  2.3  cts.  to  2.35  cts.  base,  hexagon  nuts. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Spikes  (Open=H  earth  Steel). 

The  ordinary  railroad  spike  in  general  use  is  -ft-  inch  square  X 
5^  inches  long  for  rails  over  45  pounds  per  yard  in  weight.  They 
are  usually  put  up  in  boxes  or  kegs  of  200  and  224  pounds. 

Boat  spikes  f  inch  X  8  inches  are  used  for  spiking  frogs  and 
switch  blocking  to  the  ties,  and  long  track  spikes  7,  8  and  9 
inches  in  length  for  shimming  work. 


Fig.  4.    Track  Spike. 


Average  Chemical  Composition. 

Carbon  0.12  to  0.25  of  one  per  cent. 

Manganese 0.50  of  one  per  cent. 

Silicon   0.05  of  one  per  cent. 

Phosphorus 0.04  of  one  per  cent. 

Sulphur 0.04  of  one  per  cent. 

Average  Physical  Properties. 

Ultimate  strength 50,000  to  70,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elastic  limit 27,000  to  35,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 

Elongation  in  8  inches  not  less  than  20  per  cent. 

Reduction  in  area  at  point  of  fracture  not  less  than  35  per  cent. 


Tests. 

The  body  shall  be  bent,  both  hot  and  cold,  through  180 
degrees,  flat  on  itself,  without  sign  of  fracture  on  the  outside. 

The  body  shall  be  twisted  cold  one  and  one-half  turns  with- 
out sign  of  fracture. 

The  underside  of  the  head  shall  be  bent  backwards  cold  by 
one  blow  of  a  hammer  into  line  lengthwise  with  the  face  of 
the  body  without  sign  of  fracture.  The  same  test  shall  be 
made  when  the  neck  is  ground  half  through. 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


9 


TABLE    4.  —  QUANTITY    AND   APPROXIMATE  COST   OF   SPIKES   PER  MILE 

SINGLE  TRACK. 


3500  ties  per  mile. 


Size  of  spike. 

la 

6  6 

3  O 

a  IN 
|  g  §j> 

>&* 

8, 

It 
1 

Number  of 
kegs  per  mile 
of  track. 

§1 

i! 

*  a 

Hi 

Tons  per  mile 
(2000  Ibs.). 

Material  only  F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

Cost  per 
mile  at  $56 
per  ton. 

Cost  per 
mile  at  $40 
per  ton. 

At  $.  . 
per  ton. 

In. 

4iXi 

5X* 
5X& 
5*X& 

530 
490 
360 
340 

Lbs. 
.38 

.40 
.52 

.58 

27 
29 
39 
42 

104 
110 
148 
160 

2.75 
2.90 
3.90 
4.20 

Dol. 
154 

163 
219 
236 

Dol. 
100 

116 
156 

168 



3000  ties  per  mile. 


In. 

Lbs. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

ttXi 

530 

38 

23 

88 

2.3 

129 

92 

5Xi 

490 

.40 

25 

96 

2.5 

140 

100 

5X  A 

360 

52 

34 

130 

3  4 

191 

136 

5iX  A 

340 

58 

36 

137 

3  6 

202 

144 

2600  ties  per  mile. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

4*Xi 

530 

.38 

20 

75 

2 

112 

80 



5XJ 

490 

.40 

22 

84 

2  2 

124 

88 

5X& 

360 

.52 

29 

110 

2.9 

163 

116 

Six  A 

340 

.58 

31 

118 

3.1 

174 

124 



Boat  spikes  for  shimming,  etc. : 

7"X  f",  650  per  keg  (200  Ibs.). 
8"X  r,  600  per  keg  (200  Ibs.). 
9"X  I",  525  per  keg  (200  Ibs.). 

NOTE. — For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  13. 
*  Price  for  common  track  spikes  F.O.B.  Chicago,  1908  delivery,  1.80  cts.  to  1.90  cts. 
per  Ib. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


10 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Ties. 

The  ordinary  ties  are  8  feet  long,  6  to  8  inches  thick  and  8  to  10 
inches  wide,  ends  sawed  square.  The  most  common  kind  are  of 
pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  cedar,  oak,  including  various  other  timbers 
that  can  be  procured  locally.  They  are  usually  classed  No.  1  ties 
when  of  first  quality,  and  No.  2  when  conforming  with  No.  1, 
excepting  that  the  thickness  is  an  inch  or  so  less;  those  failing  to 
pass  inspection  as  No.  1  or  No.  2,  are  designated  "  Culls  ";  the 
latter,  if  sound  and  otherwise  fit,  are  used  in  sidings,  spurs,  etc. 

Owing  to  the  growing  scarcity  of  timber,  many  railroads  are 
treating  ties  by  a  chemical  process  so  as  to  retard  decays  the  cost 
of  the  treatment  paying  for  the  extra  years'  service  obtained.  As 
it  requires  a  number  of  years  to  demonstrate  its  usefulness  and 
economy,  the  development  is  in  consequence  very  slow  and  uncer- 
tain. Steel  and  concrete  ties  are  mainly  experimental  and  are 
used  to  a  limited  extent.  The  number  of  wood  ties  per  rail  length 
varies  from  18  to  20  per  33-foot  rail  length,  and  cost  from  35  cents 
to  75  cents  per  tie  or  more.  Probably  a  fair  average  is  50  cents 
delivered  on  the  site,  but  not  placed. 

Switch  Ties.  —  For  turnouts  and  crossovers  sawn  oak  ties,  or 
good  quality  local  timber  is  used,  varying  in  length  to  suit  the 
switch  layout.  For  quantity  and  cost,  see  under  Switches. 

TABLE   5.  —  QUANTITY  AND  APPROXIMATE  COST  TRACK  TIES   PER  MILE, 

SINGLE    TRACK. 


Distance 
center  to 
center 
about 

Average 
number 
of  ties 
per  mile. 

Num- 
ber per 
100ft. 
of 
track. 

Cost  per  mile.  —  Material  only,  F.  O.  B.  cars.* 

At 
50  cts. 
each. 

At 
45  cts. 
each. 

At 
40  cts. 
each. 

At 
.  .  cts. 
each. 

At 
.  .  cts. 
each. 

At 
.  .  cts. 
each. 

At 
.  .  cts. 
each. 

In. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

18 

3500 

67 

1750 

1575 

1400 

21 

3000 

57 

1500 

1350 

1200 

24 

2600 

50 

1300 

1170 

1040 

30 

2100 

41 

1050 

945 

840 

« 

NOTE.  —  For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  13. 
*  Prices  for  ties  F.  O.  B.  Chicago,  1908  delivery,  6"X  8"X8'  oak,  1st  grade,  74  cts. 
each.     6"X  8"X  8'  oak,  2d  grade,  67  cts.  each. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


TRACK   MATERIAL. 


11 


Ballasting,  etc. 

Ballasting.  —  Ballasting  consists  in  procuring  selected  material 
for  the  road-bed  to  make  good  track,  and  includes  the  loading, 
hauling,  unloading  and  transportation  of  all  material  hauled  by 
train  or  otherwise  for  the  purpose  of  surfacing  the  track;  the 
material  is  usually  gravel,  cinders,  broken  stones,  slag,  etc.,  and 
the  average  depth  8  to  12  inches. 


Approximate  cost. 


Actual  cost. 


Cinder  ballasting,  15  to  50  cts.  per  cubic  yard 

Gravel  ballasting,  20  to  30  cts.  per  cubic  yard 

Stone  ballasting,  60  cts.  to  $1.25  per  cubic  yard 

Loading  gravel  on  cars  by  steam  shovel,  5  to  12  cents  per  cubic 
yard. 

Surfacing. —  Surfacing  includes  all  work  in  placing  surface 
material  under  the  track,  tamping,  lining,  and  all  other  work 
incident  to  the  preparation  of  the  track  for  operation. 

Approximate  cost.  Actual  cost. 

Surfacing  with  cinders,  10  to  15  cts.  per  cubic  yard. 
Surfacing  with  gravel,  15  to  25  cts.  per  cubic  yard  . . 
Surfacing  with  broken  stone,  25  to  40  cts.  per  cubic  yard 

TABLE  6.  —  APPROXIMATE   QUANTITIES  AND  COST  OF  BALLASTING     AND 

SURFACING    PER    MILE,    SINGLE    TRACK. 

(Including  Ballast  between  Ties.) 

,,.    ,    . .    .  Approximate     Approximate         Actual  cost 

Kind  of  ballast.  Cu.  yds.  c^t  per  yd.      J^r  mile,          per  mile. 

10"  gravel 1700  $0.35  $595.00 

10"  rock 1900  1.25  2375.00 

12*  gravel. 2000  .35  700.00 

12"  rock 2200  1.25  2750.00 

15"  gravel 2500  .35  875.00 

15"  rock 2800 1.25  3500.00      

NOTE. —  For  condensed  cost  of  track  material  per  mile,  above  subgrade,  see  table  7,  p.  13. 
Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


12  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Tracklaying.  —  Tracklaying  includes  all  work  in  the  laying  of 
ties  and  track  material,  turnouts,  switches,  crossings,  etc.,  and 
such  necessary  cutting  down  and  filling  up  as  may  be  necessary  to 
allow  the  safe  passage  of  trains  before  final  surfacing. 

Approximate  cost.  —  One  mile  of  single  track,  $350  to  $500. 
Record  of  actual  cost:  — 


Tie  Plates .  —  The  plates  are  made  of  mild  steel  with  .20  to  .25 
of  one  per  cent  of  carbon,  and  are  sheared  and  punched  to 
template. 

The  ordinary  tie  plate  is  5  inches  wide  and  8  inches  long,  -ft  to  £ 
inch  thick,  with  ribs  on  the  under  side,  which  enter  the  wood  and 
prevent  slipping;  the  spike  holes  are  arranged  so  that  the  plates 
will  not  be  right  and  left.  Tie  plates  with  a  shoulder  or  rib  on  top 
to  fit  against  the  outside  edge  of  rail  are  also  used. 

The  plates  increase  the  life  of  ties  and  prevent  spreading  of 
track,  canting  of  rails  and  the  cutting  of  ties  by  rail  pressure,  and 
excepting  at  joints  are  usually  placed  in  pairs  one  on  each  end  of 
the  same  tie. 

All  ties  on  curves  including  turnouts  and  all  soft  ties  on  tangents 
are  usually  tie  plated,  held  down  by  two  spikes  on  tangents  and 
three  or  four  on  curves.  In  general,  three  spikes  should  be  used 
on  curves  less  than  6  degrees  and  four  on  curves  over  6  degrees. 

The  average  weight  of  the  ordinary  tie  plate  is  about  4  pounds, 
and  using  3000  ties  to  the  mile,  6000  plates  would  be  necessary, 
which  at  a  cost  of  12J  cents  each  in  place  would  total  per  mile 
$750. 


Record  of  actual  cost :  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


> 
UNIVERSITY 

OF 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


13 


Rail  Braces. —  Rail  braces  are  used  principally  on  guard  rails, 
switches  and  curves,  and  are  generally  placed  in  pairs  one  on  each 
end  of  the  same  tie.  They  are  made  of  cast  iron  and  pressed  steel 
in  a  variety  of  forms  to  fit  the  rail  and  support  it  laterally,  and  are 
spiked  down  to  ties  with  three  or  more  spikes.  The  pressed  steel 
rail  brace  weighs  about  4  pounds. 

Cost.  —  10  to  15  cents  each  in  place. 

Record  of  actual  cost :  — 


TABLE    7.  — APPROXIMATE   COST   OF   ONE   MILE   OF   SINGLE   MAIN   LINE 
TRACK,    ABOVE    SUBGRADE. 

(Summary.) 


Rails  (  3  3-ft.  lengths) 
at  $31  per  ton. 

Splices  at 
$44.80  per 
ton  (2000 
IDS.). 

Bolts  and 
nuts  at  $75 
per  ton 
(2000  Ibs.). 

Spikes  at 
$56 
per  ton. 

:s  3000  per  mile 
,  45  cts.  each. 

•o 

It 

.So 
~    55 

1 
3 

a 

K 

0 

8  . 

11 

H   * 

1 

& 

1 

s 

Wt. 

Tons. 

Dol. 

Tons. 

Dol. 

Tons. 

Dol. 

Tons. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

56 

88.00 

2728 

4.29 

192 

0.77 

58 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

250 

5655 

1.07 

60 

94.29 

2923 

4.72 

212 

0.80 

60 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

250 

5872 

1.11 

65 

102.12 

3166 

5.18 

231 

0.80 

60 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

250 

6134 

1.18 

70 

110.00 

3410 

6.05 

269 

0.85 

64 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

300 

6470 

1.23 

75 

117.86 

3654 

6.44 

288 

0.85 

64 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

300 

6733 

1.28 

80 

125.71 

3897 

7.00 

314 

0.90 

68 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

400 

7106 

1.35 

85 

133.57 

4141 

7.50 

338 

0.90 

68 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

400 

7374 

1.40 

90 

141.43 

4384 

8.72 

391 

0.96 

72 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

400 

7674 

1.46 

95 

149.29 

4628 

9.40 

423 

0.96 

72 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

450 

8000 

1.52 

100 

157.14 

4871 

10.11 

455 

1.73 

92 

3.6 

202 

1350 

875 

450 

8295 

1.58 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


14 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Ballast  Sections. 

The  following  ballast  sections  are  recommended  as  good  practice 
by  the  A.  Ry.  Eng.  and  M.  of  Way  Association. 

The  section  for  class  A  track  is  intended  to  show  minimum  depth 
under  ties  and  is  recommended  for  use  only  on  the  firmest,  most 
substantial  and  well-drained  subgrades. 

The  sodding  of  the  roadbed  shoulder  next  to  ditch  and  of  the 
slopes  of  the  ditch  is  recommended. 

The  slag,  which  should  be  dressed  to  section  shown  for  crushed 
rock  and  slag,  is  broken  slag,  similar  in  character  to  crushed  rock. 

Granulated  slag  should  be  dressed  to  section  for  gravel,  cinders, 
chats,  etc. 

Class  "  A  "  gravel,  cinders,  chats,  etc.,  also  cementing  gravel 
and  chert  Class  B,  the  ballast  slopes  3  to  1  from  end  of  ties  to  sub- 
grade  instead  of  2  to  1  as  shown. 


-13' 


*    Sloped"  to  1' 


1 ^T)rain  where  needed 


Course  Stone,  end  of  drain    /Rad.4' 
1  / 


Crushed  Rock  and  Slag 

Class  A 


Crushed  Rock  and  Slag 
Class  A 


Crushed  Rock  and  Slag 
Class  B 

Fig.  5.    Ballast  Sections. 


TRACK  MATERIAL.  15 

Grading.  —  Grading  includes  all  excavation  and  embank- 
ments for  the  formation  of  the  roadbed,  all  diversions  of  roads  and 
streams,  all  borrow  pits  and  ditches  and  similar  work  connected 
with  and  incident  to  the  construction  of  the  roadbed. 

The  material  excavated  is  classified  usually  as  "  Common  Exca- 
vation," "Loose  Rock,"  "Solid  Rock,"  and  measurement  and 
payment  are  by  units  of  one  cubic  yard,  measurement  made  in 
excavation  only,  and  by  any  method. 


Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

Common  excavation,  20  to  30  cts  

Loose  rock,  60  cts.  to  $1  

Solid  Rock,  $1.60  to  $2.50  

Overhaul.  —  When  the  distance  of  handling  material  exceeds  a 
certain  limit  an  extra  is  sometimes  allowed  under  an  overhaul 
clause.  Usually  500  feet  is  designated  as  the  limit  of  free  haul,  and 
any  haul  exceeding  500  feet  is  paid  for  at  the  specified  price  per 
cubic  yard  per  station. 

Average  cost  overhaul  .01  to  .02  cent  per  cubic  yard  (100  ft.) • 

Actual  cost :  —  . 


Tile  Drains.  —  Sub-drains  of  tile  are  used  chiefly  in  cuts  where 
it  is  difficult  to  get  a  proper  ditch,  or  where  the  ditch  fills  up  with 
sliding  material.  It  is  laid  2^  to  4  feet  deep  with  a  fall  where 
practicable.  Tile  drains  are  made  in  one  and  two  foot  lengths. 
3  to  6  inches  diameter  are  the  sizes  generally  used.  Water 
enters  the  drains  through  the  joints.  Measurement  and  pay- 
ment are  by  unit  price  per  lineal  foot,  including  excavation  and 
refilling. 


Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

3"  tile,  12  to  15  cts.  per  lineal  foot  in  place 

4"  tile,  13£  to  18  cts.  per  lineal  foot  in  place 

6"  tile,  15  to  20  cts.  per  lineal  foot  in  place  

Crosswaying.  —  Crosswaying   when   required    in  swamps    or 
muskegs  is  built  of  logs  the  full  width  of  the  embankment  and 
Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


16  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

projecting  beyond  if  desired,  logs  not  less  than  6  inches  in  diameter, 
small  end,  made  up  if  necessary  in  one  or  two  layers  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles  placed  close  together  and  covered  with  brush. 
Measurement  and  payment  are  by  units  of  100  feet  square. 

Approximate  cost.  —  $30  to  $50  per  100  feet  square. 

Actual  cost :  — 


Clearing.  —  Consists  of  clearing  the  right  of  way  of  all  trees, 
logs,  brush  and  other  perishable  matter,  and  burning  or  otherwise 
disposing  of  the  same  off  the  Company's  property,  stumps  to  be 
cut  off  even  with  the  ground  when  the  filling  over  them  exceeds 
two  feet.  The  last  item  is  generally  termed  " close  cutting." 
Measurement  of  clearing  and  payment  for  same  are  paid  for  by  the 
acre  or  by  units  of  100  feet  square  actually  cleared. 

Approximate  cost.  —  $40  to  $60  per  acre  or  $10  to  $15  per  100 
feet  square. 

Actual  cost :  — 


Trees.  —  Dangerous  trees  outside  right  of  way  considered  unsafe 
are  paid  for  at  a  specified  rate  per  tree  removed. 

Approximate  cost.  — 75  cts.  to  $1  each. 

All  trees  reserved  for  construction  purposes  are  usually  stripped 
and  neatly  piled.  Payment  for  this  service  is  usually  by  the  cord 
of  128  cubic  feet. 


Actual  Cost :  — 


Grubbing.  —  Grubbing  consists  in  removing  stumps  and  large 
roots  where  excavations  occur,  including  ground  from  which 
material  is  to  be  borrowed,  and  from  all  ditches,  drains,  new  chan- 
nels for  waterways  and  other  places,  and  all  ground  to  be  covered 
by  fill  of  less  than  2  feet.  Measurement  of  grubbing  and  payment 
are  paid  by  the  station  of  100  feet  or  by  units  of  100  feet  square 
actually  grubbed. 

Approximate  cost.  — $20  to  $30  per  100  feet  square. 

Actual  cost :  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


17 


Turnouts,  etc. 

The  arrangement  by  which  an  engine  and 
train  pass  from  one  track  to  the  other  is 
termed  a  turnout,  and  consists  of  a  switch, 
frog,  guards  and  lead  rails.  (Fig.  6.) 

A  train  approaching  so  as  to  pass  the 
switch  point  first  is  said  to  "  face "  the 
switch,  and  when  it  approaches  in  the  op- 
posite direction,  passing  the  frog  first,  it  is 
said  to  "  trail  "  the  switch. 

Switches.  —  The  switches  in  common  use 
for  turnouts  are  the  stub  and  split  or  point 
switch.  If  the  ends  of  the  rails  are  cut  off 
at  a  bevel,  so  as  to  lap  slightly  when  thrown, 
it  is  called  a  lap  switch.  The  split  switch 
is  practically  universal  as  a  standard,  and 
generally  is  15  feet  and  16£  feet  long,  or 
half  a  rail  length,  for  frogs  1  in  5  up  to  1 
in  12. 

Split  Switch.  —  The  switch  rail  is  slightly 
elevated  above  the  stock  rail  by  means  of 
plates  with  risers,  and  is  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  inch  below  stock  rail  at  the  point, 
and  one-fourth  inch  or  so  above  stock  rail 
5  or  6  feet  from  the  point.  The  distance 
which  the  switch  point  rail  moves  when  the 
switch  is  thrown  varies  from  4  to  5  inches, 
and  two  to  four  tie  bars  either  fixed  or 
adjustable  are  used  to  connect  the  switch 
rails. 

Fixed  end  of  switch  is  called  the  heel. 

Movable  end  the  toe. 

Stub  Switch  heel  is  farthest  from  the 
frog. 

Split  Switch  heel  is  nearest  the  frog. 

Toe  of  Split  Switch  is  the  point  of 
switch. 

Toe  to  heel  is  the  length  of  switch. 


!    .5°      *> 


18  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

The  throw  is  the  distance  over  which  the  free  end  moves  when 
thrown. 

Turnout  between  switch  and  frog  is  usually  made  a  simple  circu- 
lar curve. 

Stub  Switch.  —  The  ordinary  stub  switch  breaks  the  continuity 
of  the  main  line  in  three  places,  two  at  the  switch  head  block  and 
one  at  the  frog.  Owing  to  the  pounding  of  wheels  over  the  open 
space,  account  settlement  of  head  block,  and  to  expansion  and 
contraction  of  rail,  rendering  the  joints  tight  in  summer  and  open 
in  winter,  and  the  liability  of  derailment  should  a  train  trail  the 
switch,  their  use  has  been  practically  abandoned  except  in  isolated 
tracks  in  yards  or  at  points  seldom  in  service. 

Slip  Switches.  —  Slip  switches  are  used  where  space  is  insufficient 
for  ordinary  turnouts  or  crossovers.  Single  slip  is  used  when  only 
one  crossover  track  is  required,  double  slips  when  two  crossovers 
are  necessary.  (Fig.  11.)  The  switches  are  operated  simultane- 
ously from  a  central  "  slip  switch  stand."  Each  end  of  a  slip 
has  a  special  twin  split  switch,  which  forms  the  entrance  to  the 
crossovers,  each  crossover  containing  one  right  and  one  left  turnout. 

Switch  Stands.  —  Automatic  and  rigid  switch  stands  are  used 
generally;  for  main  line  track  switches  the  rigid  type  is  principally 
used. 

Frogs.  —  The  frog  is  a  device  whereby  the  rail  at  the  turnout 
curve  crosses  the  main  track  rail,  and  is  represented  by  Fig.  7,  with 
all  the  parts  designated  in  the  terms  generally  used  in  ordering 
the  various  items,  either  bolted,  clamped  or  riveted,  rigid  or  spring 
rail. 


Fig.  7.     Rigid  Frog. 

The  bolted  type  of  frog  is  generally  used,  with  spring  rail  frogs 
for  main  line  turnouts  where  siding  traffic  is  relatively  small. 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


19 


Main  line  frogs  are  usually  9  to  12  and  for  yards  6  to  9,  width  of 
flange  ways  for  frogs  and  guard  rails  1}  to  1J  inches. 

Foot  guards  are  used  in  the  angle  of  frogs,  heel  of  switches  and  ends 
of  guard  rails  to  protect  employees  from  getting  their  feet  caught. 

The  frog  number  is  the  proportion  of  its  length  into  its  breadth 
or  spread.  Frog  angle  =  cb  -r-  (ab  +  cd) . 


Fig.  8. 

Example.  —  ab  =  4  inches,  cd  =  8  inches,  be  =  84.  84  -r- 
(8  inches  +  4  inches)  =  7.  Angle  or  spread  of  frog  is  1  in  7,  or 
No.  7  frog. 

TABLE    FOR    PUTTING    IN    FROGS   AND    SWITCHES. 
4-8J  Gauge  5"  Throw. 


Number  of 
frog. 

Length  of 
frog. 
Ft. 

Angle  of 
frog. 

Radius  of 
curve. 
Ft. 

Split  switch  leads  dis- 
tance AB  for  15  ft. 
Points. 

5 

5 

11°     25' 

239 

50. 

6 

6 

9°     32' 

345 

55.8 

7 

7 

8°     10' 

431 

60.3 

8 

8 

7°     10' 

606 

67.1 

9 

9 

6°     21' 

764 

71.6 

10 

10 

5°     44' 

919 

76.9 

11 

11 

5°     12' 

1096 

80.0 

12 

12 

4°     46' 

1246 

87.1 

The  split  switch  lead  on  tangents  is  the  distance  from  the  switch 
point  to  the  frog  point  measured  along  the  straight  track. 


20 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


TRACK  MATERIAL. 


21 


Crossovers.  —  The  arrangement  connecting  two  parallel  tracks 
is  called  a  crossover  and  consists  of  a  double  turnout.  (Fig.  10.) 

To  find  the  distance  between  frog  points: 

From  the  distance  between  gauge  lines  of  parallel  tracks  sub- 
tract the  gauge  of  track;  multiply  the  remainder  by  the  number 
of  frog. 

Example.  —  Distance  between  gauge  line  is  8  feet;  gauge  line 
4  feet  8J  inches  and  No.  9  frog.  8  feet  -  4  feet  8J  inches  =  3  feet 
3^  inches,  which  multiplied  by  9  =  29  feet  7J  inches,  the  distance 
between  frog  points. 


TABLE    8.  —  AVERAGE    COST    OF   TURNOUTS    INSTALLED    COMPLETE 
(WITHOUT    LEAD    RAILS). 


Switch 

Switch 

stands, 

Frogs 

Laying 

Total 

Name. 

Kind. 

rods, 

with 

and  sur- 

cost in- 

ties. 

lamps, 

guards. 

facing* 

stalled. 

etc. 

80  Ib.  split  switch 

Spring 

$100.00 

$30.00 

$60.00 

$50.00 

$240.00 

80  Ib.  split  switch 

Rigid 

100.00 

25.00 

50.00 

50.00 

225.00 

60  Ib.  stub  switch 

Yard 

85.00 

25.00 

50.00 

40.00 

200.00 

80  Ib.  slip  switch 

Single 

150.00 

50.00 

75.00 

75.00 

350.00 

80  Ib.  slip  switch 

Double 

200.00 

90.00 

140.00 

125.00 

550.00 

TABLE    9.  —  DETAILS    OF    COST. 


Switch  ties. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

1  set  for  main  line  switch  

$80.00  to  $125.00 

1  set  for  yard  switch  

70  00  to    100  00 

1  set  stub  switch  ties  

65  00  to      95  00 

1  set  yard  switch  ties  .  . 

55  00  to      80  00 

1  set  slip  switch  single  .  . 

125  00  to    150  00 

1  set  slip  switch,  double  

150  00  to    200  00 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


22 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE  9. —  DETAILS  OF  COST.      (Continued.) 
For  bill  of  switch  ties,  see  p.  24. 


Switches. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

New  stub  switch  

$20  00  to    $30  00 

New  main  line  split  

30.  00  to      50.00 

New  main  line  slip  switch  (single).  . 
New  main  line  slip  switch  (double) 

40.  00  to      60.00 
50  .  00  to      80  .  00 

Frogs. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

1  80-lb.  spring  frog,  $50,  with  guard 
rails  

$62  00 

1  80-lb.  rigid  frog,  $38,  with  guard 
rails  .  . 

52  00 

1  60-lb.  spring  frog,  $35,  with  guard 
rails.  ... 

47  00 

1  60-lb.  rigid,  $14.25,   with  guard 
rails  

21  00 

1  72-lb.  rigid,  $16,  with  guard  rails. 

23.00 

1  56-lb.  rigid,  $14,  with  guard  rails 

21.00 

Stands,  lamps,  rods,  etc. 

Approximate  cost. 

1 

Actual  cost. 

Split  switch  stands: 
Automatic  

$12  00  to  $15  00 

High  .  . 

18  00  to    20  00 

Intermediate.  .  . 

15  00  to    17  00 

Low  

9  00  to    12  00 

Ramapo  stub  switch  stand  
Lamps  

8.  00  to    12.00 
4  00  to      5  00 

Lock  and  chain  

.  50  to          75 

Head  chain  (2) 

$3  at  3J  cts  per  Ib 

t 

Tie  rods  (6) 

$9  at  3    cts  per  Ib 

Tie  plates  or  rail  braces  15  cts.  each  . 

$2.  70  per  turnout 

TRACK  MATERIAL. 


23 


TABLE  9.  —  DETAILS  OF  COST.      (Concluded  ) 


Laying  and  surfacing. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

Stub  switch  

$25.00  to  $35.00 

Main  line  switch  (split) 

30  00  to    50  00 

Switches  in  large  yards 

30  00  to    40  00 

Taking  up  and  relaying  switch.  .  . 

30  .  00  to    50  .  00 

Slip  switch   single 

50  00  to    70  00 

Slip  switch   double  

60.00  to  100.00 

TABLE    10. 


Crossover. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

2  turnouts 

$250  00 

170  ft   80-lb   rail  

115  00 

Fastenings  

18.00 

Ties 

10  00 

2  sets  switch  ties  at  $113  50 

227  00 

Labor 

80  00 

Total 

$700  00 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


24 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


Switch  Ties. — Switch  ties  are  usually  oak  or  best  local  hard- 
wood, 7  inches  thick  and  9  inches  wide,  ends  sawed  square. 

TABLE    10A.  —  BILL    OF    SWITCH    TIES    FOR    15-FOOT    SPLIT    SWITCH 

TURNOUTS. 

All  Ties  1"  X  9". 


Length. 

No. 

7. 
No. 

No. 
8. 
No. 

No. 
9. 
No. 

No. 

10. 
No. 

No. 
11. 
No. 

No. 
12. 
No. 

Ft.     In. 
80  

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

8     3  

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

8     6  
8     9  

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 
3 

9     0  

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

9     3  

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

9     6 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

9     9   . 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

10     0   . 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

10     3   . 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

2 

10     6  ... 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

10     9  

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

11     0  

1 

2 

2 

2 

11     3  

2 

2 

2 

1 

11     6  
11     9  

1 
2 

2 
1 

2 
2 

12     0 

1 

3 

2 

12     3. 

1 

1 

1 

12     6  

2 

2 

2 

12     9. 

2 

1 

2 

13     0. 

1 

2 

1 

13     3. 

2 

2 

1 

2 

13     6  

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

13     9  .    ... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

14    0  

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

14     3  

1 

2 

2 

2 

14     6  

2 

1 

2 

2 

14     9  

1 

2 

1 

15     0 

2 

1 

1 

15     3. 

1 

1 

2 

15     6. 

1 

1 

1 

15     9  

1 

1 

1 

16    Headblock.  .  . 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Total  .... 

50 

55 

59 

64 

68 

69 

Lineal  ft  

555f 

6141 

657 

7181 

765^ 

776$ 

Feet  B   M  

2918 

3225 

3449 

3771 

4019 

4077 

TRACK  MATERIAL.  25 


Crossing. 

Complete  Diamond  installed,  $250  to  $350. 


Interlocking  Plant. 

For  an  ordinary  single  track  interlocked  crossing  at  grade. 
8-Lever  Machine  including  house  and  signals,  $4500  to  $5500. 
16-Lever  Machine  including  house  and  signals,  $7500  to  $8500, 
or  an  approximate  price  for  estimating  $500  per  lever. 

MAINTENANCE  OF  INTERLOCKING  PLANT  PER  ANNUM. 

2  men  at  $1.25  per  day $913. 00 

Inspection,  $3  per  month 36. 00 

Repairs  and  materials,  $20  per  month 240. 00 

40  gallons  oil  at  20  cts.,  $8  per  month 96.  00 

Lamps,  wicks  and  chimneys,  $1  per  month 12. 00 

$1297.00 

The  above  if  capitalized  at  5  per  cent  would  be  equivalent  to  an  expendi- 
ture of  $25,940.00. 

Notes  :  — • 


Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


26 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


CHAPTER  II. 

FENCES,   GATES,  SIGN   POSTS,  ROAD  CROSSINGS 
AND   GUARDS. 

Fences. 

FOR  fencing  in  the  right  of  way  each  railroad  usually  has  its  own 
standard. 

Wire  Fence.  —  The  ordinary  fence  consists  of  hard  galvanized 
iron  coiled  wires,  made  in  five  to  seven  strands,  spaced  from  5  to 
10  inches  apart,  the  fence  averaging  about  4  feet  high,  reinforced 
with  verticals  at  varying  distances.  Wood  fence  posts  are  placed 
from  17  to  33  feet  apart,  set  about  5  feet  above  ground  and  3  feet 
under. 

The  fences  are  either  woven  or  field-erected,  the  woven  being 
used  on  fairly  level  ground,  and  the  field-erected  on  rough  and 
uneven  ground.  Cross  braces  of  4"  X  4"  timbers  and  wire  are 
used  at  end  panels  to  stiffen  the  fence  lengthwise.  (Fig.  12.) 

End  Panel  This  P^tobe^ined  up  at leaBt  l" 


3  Double  Strands.? 


=*= 


I  Wi 


All  Wire  N 


Fig.  12.     Right  of  Way  Fence. 
TABLE    11. 


-Variable  fcom  16J£  to  33  ft- 


Fencing  per  mile  of  track,  erected  complete. 

Approximate  cost. 

Actual  cost. 

7-strand  48-in.  woven-wire  fence  .... 

$270.00  to  $300.00 

5-strand  42-in.  woven-wire  fence  .... 

216.00  to    230  00 

*' 

7-strand  48-in.  field-erected  fence.  .  . 

320.  00  to    400.00 

5-strand  42-in.  field-erected  fence.  .  . 

282.  00  to    325.00 

FENCES.  27 

Approximate  estimates  of  cost.  — 

7-strand  48-in.  woven-wire  fence,  25  cts.  per  rod  (16J  ft.) .  $80.00 

Posts  9  cts.  each,  erection  5  cts.  (160  per  mile) 22.40 

Erection  of  fence 32.60 

One  side $135.00 

Per  mile  of  track.  .                                                  .  $270.00 


b-strand  42-in.  woven-wire  fence,  18  cts.  per  rod  (16  J  ft.) .      $57.60 

Posts  9  cts.,  erection  5  cts.  (160  per  mile) 22. 40 

Erection  of  fence .  .  28 . 00 


One  side.  .  .   $108.00 


Per  mile  of  track.  .    $216.00 


7-strand  48-in.  field-erected  wire  fence,  29  cts.  per  rod ....     $92 . 80 

Posts  9  cts.  each,  erection  5  cts.  (160  per  mile) 22.40 

Erection .  44 . 80 


One  side.  .  .   $160.00 


Per  mile  of  track .  $320.00 


5-strand  48-in.  field-erected  wire  fence,  27  cts.  per  rod 

ft.) $86.40 

Posts  9  cts.  each,  erection  5  cts.  (160  per  mile) 22 .40 

Erection.  32.20 


One  side .   $141.00 


Per-mile  of  track.  .  .   $282.00 


Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


28 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Picket  Fence.  —  The  ordinary  picket  fence  for  use  in  yard 
shops,  etc.,  consists  of  8-inch  cedar  posts  9  to  10  feet  long,  set 
6  feet  above  ground  and  3  to  4  feet  under,  at  about  8-foot  centers, 
with  3"  X  4"  runners  top  and  bottom,  set  about  12  to  18  inches 
from  ground  and  top  of  posts;  to  these  are  nailed  4"  X  V  X  6' 
vertical  pointed  end  pickets,  with  spaces  between  varying  from 
1  inch  to  6  inches. 

Approximate  cost  per  linear  foot,  50  to  75  cents. 


Wood  Snow  Fences.  —  Snow  fences  are  used  in  open  country 
to  prevent  or  minimize  trouble  from  drifting  snow  blocking  the 
track.  They  are  usually  of  wood,  though  tree  and  hedge  fences 
and  earth  banks  are  in  use. 

When  permanent,  a  close  or  open  board  fence  is  erected  on  the 
portion  of  the  right  of  way  affected,  30  to  50  feet  from  track. 
When  located  off  the  right  of  way,  permission  is  usually  obtained 
from  the  farmers,  and  portable  fences  are  used  and  placed  150 
feet  or  more  from  the  track. 


Kind. 

Approximate  Cost. 

Actual  Cost. 

Permanent  close  board  fence  per  lin.  ft.  . 

50  to  60  cts. 

Permanent  open  board  fence  per  lin.  ft.  . 
Portable  fence  per  lin.  ft  

40  to  50  cts. 
30  to  40  cts 



Permanent  Close  Board  Fence.  —  Cedar  posts  8  inches 
diameter  by  12  feet  long,  placed  8-foot  centers,  standing  about 
8  feet  6  inches  from  ground  line,  and  covered  with  J-inch  boards  to 
within  one  foot  of  ground  with  1"  X  6"  cover  piece  over  the  joints 
at  each  post. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


FENCES. 


29 


Fig.  13.    Permanent  Snow  Fence.     (Open  Board.) 


in                                                rn 

i»ii                           J         n 

1 

tHfti       V$  *  4»i  Carmine  bolts  with  2       d| 

*                                                 4 

+ 

plate  washers  each                 ^f 

\                                                        1 

in                               /  xiii 

>V\ 

Fig.  14.     Portable  Snow  Fence. 


Permanent  Open  Board  Fence.  (Fig.  13.)  —  Similar  to  the 
close  board  fencing  excepting  that  the  boards  are  placed  with 
6-inch  spaces  between. 

Portable  Fence.  (Fig.  14.)  —  Made  in  sections  14  and  16  feet 
long,  with  triangular  shaped  supports  6  to  8  feet  high,  and  about 
6  feet  spread,  with  2"  X  6"  inclined  main  supports  at  7-foot 
centers,  and  1"  X  6"  brace  behind;  when  not  held  down  by  stakes 
to  ground,  2"  X  6"  ties  are  used  at  the  bottom  of  frame  and  stone 
piled  on  top. 

The  boards  are  f-inch  material  from  6  to  8  inches  wide,  about 
12-inch  centers  with  4  to  6-inch  spaces  between. 


30  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost. 

PERMANENT  CLOSE  BOARD  FENCING. 
One  16-foot  Panel. 

2  fence  post  holes  at  35  cts $0 . 70 

2  posts  8  inch-diameter,  12  feet  long,  at  9  cts 2.16 

150  feet  B.  M.  boarding  at  $35 5.25 

3J  pounds  12d.  steel  nails  at  8  cts 0 . 28 

2  stake  posts  6-inch  diameter,  5  feet  long,  each  at  25  cts..  . .  0.50 

16  feet  galvanized  iron  guy  wire 0.11 

Total,  p.  panel $9.00. 


PERMANENT  OPEN  BOARD  FENCE. 
One  16-foot  Panel. 

2  fence  post  holes  at  35  cts $0 . 70 

2  posts  8-inch  diameter,  12  feet  long,  at  9  cts 2.16 

97  feet  B.  M.  boarding  at  $35 3.40 

If  pounds  nails  at  8  cts 0.13 

2  stake  posts  6  to  8  inches  diameter,  5  feet  long,  each  25  cts.  0. 50 

16  feet  galvanized  iron  wire 0.11 

Total,  p.  panel $7 . 00 . 


PORTABLE  FENCE. 

One  14-foot  Panel. 

150  feet  B.  M.  timber  at  $35 $5 . 25 

3  pounds  nails  at  8  cts 0 . 24 

3£"X 4£"  carriage  bolts  with  washers 0.31 

Ground  stakes  or  bottom  ties 0 . 20 

Total,  p.  panel $6.00 


Safety  Crossing  Gates. 

At  public  road  grade  crossings  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to 
place  safety  gates,  consisting  of  iron  posts  placed  at  the  curb  of 
roadway  parallel  with  track  to  which  are  connected  the  main 
and  sidewalk  arms,  usually  of  wood,  that  stretch  over  and  pro- 
tect the  crossing.  They  are  operated  by  hand  crank  at  gate 
level,  or  by  hand  lever  or  compressed  air  from  a  tower  (some- 
times a  number  of  crossings  are  operated  from  the  one  tower), 
arranged  so  that  the  gates  cannot  be  opened  or  closed  excepting 
Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


GATES. 


31 


by  the  operator.  The  connections  for  operating  the  gates  simul- 
taneously are  either  placed  underground  or  overhead  as  desired. 

The  gates  are  usually  located  8  to  10  feet  clear  of  the  nearest 
rail,  with  the  elevated  tower  on  one  side  or  between  tracks  when 
convenient. 

The  span  of  gates  varies  to  suit  conditions.  They  are  made 
usually  in  two-post  or  four-post  crank,  lever,  or  pneumatic  types, 
the  two-post  style  being  used  when  the  road  is  not  too  wide,  and. 
four-post  construction  for  large  openings.  The  smaller  the  span}, 
other  things  being  equal,  the  easier  will  the  gates  be  operated. 

TABLE    12.  —  SAFETY    GATES. 


Kind. 


Approximate  Cost. 


Actual  Cost. 


Two-post  crank  gates  with  watch- 
man's shanty  complete 

Four-post  crank  gates  with  watch- 
man's shanty  complete 

Two-post  lever  gates  with  wood 
tower  and  connections  complete . . 

Four-post  lever  gates  with  wood 
tower  and  connections  complete . . 

Two-post  pneumatic  gates  with 
wood  tower  and  connections  com- 
plete   

Four-post  pneumatic  gates  with 
wood  tower  and  connections  com- 
plete  


$300.00  to  $400.00 
400. 00  to  500.00 
450. 00  to  650.00 
600. 00  to  800.00 

500. 00  to    700.00 
700. 00  to    900.00 


The  above  prices  are  for  wood  foundation  throughout. 

Two=post  crank  gate  would  consist  of  - 

One  cast-iron  power  or  crank  post, 

One  cast-iron  dead  post, 

Two  bifurcated  wooden  main  and  sidewalk  arms, 

Two  shafts, 

Piping,  wood  or  concrete  foundations, 

Watchman's  shanty  and  bells  if  desired. 

A  four-post  crank  gate,  excepting  for  the  first  and  last  items, 
would  be  double  the  above. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


32  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Two-post  lever  gate  would  consist  of  - 

Elevated  tower  with  posts  and  foundations, 

Two  cast-iron  posts, 

Two  bifurcated  wooden  main  and  sidewalk  arms, 

One  lever  stand  with  two  levers, 

Chain  and  rod  connections, 

Gatepost  foundations  and  ducts, 

Installation, 

Bells  for  arms  and  tower  if  desired. 

A  four-post  lever  gate  would  be  double  the  above  excepting 
the  first  and  last  items. 


Two=post  pneumatic  gate  would  consist  of  — 

Elevated  tower  with  posts  and  foundations, 

Two  cast-iron  posts  with  locking  connections, 

Two  bifurcated  wooden  main  and  sidewalk  arms, 

One  air-pump  and  valves  (unless  air  can  be  supplied), 

Piping  and  connections, 

Gatepost  foundations  and  ducts, 

Installation, 

Bells  for  arms  and  tower  if  desired. 

A  four-post  pneumatic  gate  would  be  double  the  above  except- 
ing the  air-pump  and  first  and  last  items. 

The  elevated  tower  for  crossing  gates  would  cost  from  SI 50  to 
$200  each. 

Generally  speaking  the  lever  crossing  gate  is  more  positive  in 
action  than  the  pneumatic  type;  the  pneumatic  type  under  cer- 
tain conditions  is  not  always  satisfactory. 

Farm  Crossing  Gates.  —  Generally  made  of  wood  and  wire,  or 
gas  pipe  and  wire,  the  last  mentioned  being  known  as  the  steel 
gate. 

Usually  14  and  16  feet  long,  standing  4  feet  6  inches  above 
ground  4  feet  high,  made  to  swing  outward  away  from  track. 


GATES. 


33 


Kind. 

Approx.  Cost. 

Actual  Cost. 

Swing  wire  gate  with  wooden  frame  com- 
plete 14  ft.  long  (Fig.  16)  

$3.75  to  $4.50 

Swing  wire  gate  with  steel  frame  complete 
14ft.  long  (Fig.  17)  

4.  50  to    5.50 

Swing  board  gate,  board  frame  16  ft.  long 
(Fig.  15)  

4  .  00  to    5  .  00 

Swing  wire  gate,  steel  frame  16  ft  long 
(Fi°-   17)  

5.00  to    6  00 

Field  Side 

Fig.  15.     Swing  Board  Gate. 


Fig.  16.     Swing  Wire  Gate. 

Wooden  Gates.  (Figs.  15  and  16.)  —The  wooden  gates  are  usually 
made  of  2"  X  3"  frame  all  round  with  a  1"  X  3"  post  in  center 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


34 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


and  No.  9  galvanized  wire  mesh  over,  with  two  diagonal  cross- 
wire  ties. 

The  wooden  swing  board  gate  is  made  up  of  four  I"  X  6"  X  16'' 
planks  with  8-inch  spaces  between  having  one  center  and  two 
diagonal  planks  1"X6". 

Steel  Gates.  (Fig.  17.)  — The  steel  pipe  gates  are  made  with 
1^-inch  steel  pipe,  divided  into  three  equal  panels  with  two  vertical 
l|-inch  bars  between,  covered  with  No.  9  galvanized  iron  wire 
mesh  with  diagonal  wire  brace. 


Fig.  17. 

Highway  Crossing  Alarm  Bell.  —  At  highway  crossings  where 
traffic  does  not  warrant  a  watchman  or  safety  gates,  an  electric 
alarm  bell  attached  to  the  road-crossing  sign,  or  erected  on  a  special 
iron  or  wood  pole,  is  often  used,  arranged  so  as  to  ring  ahead  of  an 
approaching  train;  a  light  also  is  sometimes  provided  above  -the 
bell.  The  track  rail  joints  are  bonded  for  a  distance  of  1000  to 
3000  feet  on  either  side  the  crossing  and  insulated  for  battery  and 
bell  circuit,  a  battery  being  necessary  at  each  end  of  the  bonded 
track  and  one  at  foot  of  bell  post. 

The  approximate  cost  of  alarm  bell  erected  complete,  $300 
to  $400. 

When  a  light  is  installed,  the  cost  is  increased  25  to  50  per  cent. 


SIGN  POSTS.  35 


General  Signboards  and  Posts. 

Approximate  cost,  etc.,  of  various  signboards  and  posts  usually 
erected  on  the  right  of  way,  from  C.  P.  R.  Standards,  F.  P.  Gutelius, 
Assistant  Chief  Engineer. 

Railway  Crossing  and  Highway  Sign.  —  Placed  at  all  public 
road  grade  crossings  facing  the  approach.  Post  7  to  9  inches 
round,  about  12  feet  above  top  of  rail,  set  into  ground  about 
4  feet,  two  8-inch  planks  on  top  placed  crosswise  with  the  words 
"  Railroad  Crossing "  marked  in  plain  block  letters  6  inches 
high  on  each  side. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $4.00  to  5.00. 

Actual  cost :  — 

Railway  Crossing,  Railway  Junction  and  Drawbridge  Sign. 

—  Post  7  to  9  inches  round,  about  10  feet  6  inches  above  top  of 
rail  and  5  feet  in  ground,  with  four  boards  on  top  placed  diamond 
shape  with  the  words  "  Railway  Crossing  One  Mile  "  in  plain  block 
letters  6  inches  high,  or  "  Drawbridge  Crossing "  or  "  Junction 
Crossing"  in  place  of  "Railway  Crossing." 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $3.50  to  $4.50. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Wing  Post  Sign.  —  Placed  8  feet  from  rail  and  150  feet  from 
obstructions  where  wings  of  snow  plows  must  be  closed  and 
points  lifted.  Post  4  to  6  inches  round,  about  7  feet  above  rail 
and  3  to  4  feet  in  ground,  with  two  boards  placed  crosswise  at  the 
top  with  a  round  black  disk  painted  in  each  corner. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $1.00  to  $1.25. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Flanger  Post.  —  Placed  8  feet  from  rail,  and  150  feet  from 
obstructions  where  points  and  flangers  must  be  lifted.  Post 
4  to  6  inches  round,  7  feet  6  inches  above  rail  set  3  feet  6  inches 
below  ground,  with  8"  X  2'  board  on  top,  having  two  round  black 
disks,  one  on  each  side. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $1.00  to  $1.25. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


36  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Station  Mile  Board.  —  Placed  10  feet  from  rail,  6  to  8  inches 
round,  post  about  9  feet  above  rail  and  set  in  ground  4  feet,  with 
•board  12  to  15  inches  wide  5  feet  long,  with  "  Name  of  Station  " 
and  1  mile  under  in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $2.00  to  $2.50. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Yard  Limit.  —  6  to  8-inch  round  post  about  9  feet  above 
rail  and  about  4  feet  in  ground,  with  board  placed  on  top  and 
"  Yard  Limit  "  marked  in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $2.00  to  $2.25. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Section  Post.  —  Placed  7  feet  from  rail.  4"  X  4"  square  post 
standing  5  feet  above  rail  and  set  3  feet  in  ground  with  10"  X 18" 
board  on  top,  with  the  two  section  numbers  marked. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $0.90  to  $1.00. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Mile  Post.  —  Placed  7  feet  from  rail.  10"X10"  square  post 
set  diamond  fashion  to  the  track,  about  5  feet  above  rail,  and  set 
3  feet  6  inches  in  ground;  about  the  top  of  the  post  the  mile 
number  is  painted  on  the  two  sides  facing  the  track. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $2.00  to  $2.50. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Mile  Board.  —  Attached  to  telegraph  pole  about  10  feet  above 
ground.  A  10"X3'  board  with  the  mile  painted  on  each  side, 
and  attached  to  the  nearest  telegraph  pole. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  30  to  50  cents.                                ^ 
Actual  cost:  — 

Whistle  Post.  —  Placed  7  feet  from  rail  and  one-fourth  mile 
from  public  road  crossings.  A  flat  board  3"X9"  standing  5  feet 
above  rail,  and  set  3  feet  in  ground;  the  letter  "  W"  is  painted 
at  the  top. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  75  to  90  cents. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


SIGN  POSTS.  37 

Trestle  Number.  —  Placed  in  center  of  structure  on  milepost 
side.  12"X36"  board  with  the  trestle  number  painted  on  in 
plain  block  letters,  and  bolted  to  one  of  the  ties  outside  of  the 
guard. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  35  to  45  cents. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Culvert  Number.  —  4"X4"  square  post  standing  6  feet  above 
ground,  8  feet  from  rail,  with  9"X24"  board  having  the  Culvert 
number  painted  on  in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  80  to  90  cents. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Trespass  Sign.  —  Six-inch  round  post  standing  5  to  6  feet 
above  the  rail  and  about  4  feet  in  ground,  with  18"X30"  board 
on  top,  having  the  words  "  Caution  "  "  Do  not  trespass  "  painted 
in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $1.50  to  $1.80. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Clearance  Post.  —  4"  X  4"  post  standing  about  9  inches  high 
above  rail  set  2  feet  into  ground  with  chamfered  top  painted 
black  with  the  lower  portion  white  placed  at  extreme  clearance 
points  of  sidings. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  40  to  50  cents. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Elevation  Posts.  —  4"X4"  posts  standing  about  level  with  top 
of  rail,  placed  on  the  outside  of,  and  at  the  beginning  and  end  of 
curves  and  spirals  about  6  feet  from  outside  rail,  with  the  letter 
E  and  O  under  facing  tangent,  and  Q  and  O  under  facing  track, 
on  tangent  end  of  spirals,  and  the  letter  E  with  elevation  under, 
facing  spiral  curve,  and  Q  with  excess  gauge  marked  under,  facing 
track,  and  D  with  degree  of  curve  under,  facing  circular  curve. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  40  to  50  cents. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


38  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Rail  Rack  Posts.  —  6"  XI 5"  posts  made  up  of  old  stringers 
with  three  5-inch  steps  at  top,  to  hold  spare  rails;  posts  are  set 
18  feet  apart  7  feet  from  rail,  and  set  about  3  feet  in  ground. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  75  cents  to  $1.00  per  pair. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Stop  Signal  Post  Sign.  —  Used  where  trains  must  come  to  a 
full  stop,  at  railway  crossings,  etc.,  placed  400  feet  on  each  side 
and  8  feet  from  rail.  Six-inch  round  post  standing  about  8  feet 
above  rail  with  chamfered  end,  set  about  4  feet  in  ground,  with 
tapered  board  8"X3'  about  12  inches  from  top,  and  the  word 
"  Stop  "  painted  on  in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $2.00  to  $2.25  each. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Slow  Signal  Post  Sign.  —  Used  where  all  trains  must  be  under 
full  control,  placed  2000  feet  from  points  protected  and  8  feet 
from  rail.  Post  similar  to  stop  signal  post  sign,  tapered  board 
8"X3'  with  V-shaped  end,  and  the  word  "  Slow  "  painted  on 
in  plain  block  letters. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $2.00  to  $2.25  each. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Bridge  Warning.  —  Placed  over  the  track  100  feet  or  there- 
abouts from  all  overhead  obstructions  less  than  22  feet  6  inches 
clear  height  above  top  of  rail.  8  by  8  post  standing  about  26  feet 
above  rail  and  about  5  feet  in  ground  with  6"  X  6"  horizontal  arm 
on  top  13  feet  long,  fastened  to  post  with  iron  strap  and  6  by  6 
brace;  from  the  arm  are  suspended  sixteen  f-inch  sash  cords  3  feet 
6  inches  long  each,  well  bound  at  the  bottom  and  looped  to  one- 
half  inch  by  2-foot  long  double  eye  bolts,  hooked  to  screw  eye 
bolts  fastened  to  the  horizontal  bar. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  $15.00  to  $18.00. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


ROAD   CROSSINGS.  39 

Mail  Crane. 

Mail  cranes  are  erected  at  way  stations  where  necessary  to  col- 
lect the  mail  while  the  train  is  running. 

The  main  post,  either  of  wood  or  steel,  is  set  up  about  10  feet 
from  center  of  track,  and  attached  with  a  blocking  piece  to  two 
extra  long  track  ties,  the  post  being  stayed  at  the  back  by  a 
double  brace. 

At  the  top  of  the  post  about  three-foot  centers  two  horizontal 
arms  project  3  feet  towards  the  track  arranged  to  hold  the  mail 
bag.  The  arms  have  a  steel  spring  attachment  at  the  post  end 
so  that  when  the  bag  is  released  they  automatically  rise  and  fall 
towards  the  post,  one  going  up  and  the  other  down. 

A  light  iron  ladder  is  placed  for  convenience  of  the  operator, 
so  that  he  may  be  able  to  catch  the  arms  and  tie  the  mail  bag  in 
position. 

Approximate  cost  of  an  iron  mail  crane  complete,  $25  to  $50. 

Actual  cost:  —  .  


Grade  Road  Crossings. 

At  grade  crossings  of  public  and  farm  roads  it  is  necessary  to 
make  a  driveway  for  the  safe  passage  of  vehicles  over  the  track, 
for  a  width  of  12  to  16  feet  for  farms,  and  20  feet  or  over  for 
public  crossings.  Three-inch  plank  is  generally  used  of  varying 
widths,  and  of  the  desired  length,  placed  fairly  close  together 
between  rails  and  one  on  the  outer  side  of  each  rail,  spiked  to 
2-inch  shims  under  the  planks  and  secured  to  the  ties;  the  height 
of  shims  is  made  to  suit  the  rail,  and  the  ends  of  planks  are 
usually  chamfered  off,  and  in  some  cases  a  rail  is  placed  on  its 
side,  butting  against  the  web  of  the  main  track  rails  with  the  base 
against  the  plank  to  form  a  flangeway. 

In  some  cases  a  wooden  frame  is  made  and  filled  with  gravel  or 
cinders  at  about  the  same  cost.  This  form  is  not  recommended, 
as  heavy  loads  may  cause  the  wheels  to  sink  into  the  filling  when 
teams  are  passing  over,  and  is  likely  to  cause  trouble. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


40 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Kind. 

Approximate  cost, 
Single  Track  Cross- 
ings. 

Actual  Cost. 

12-foot  wide  plunk  crossing 

$  7  00  to  $10  00 

16-foot  wide  plank  crossing 

10  00  to    15.00 

c* 

20-foot  wide  plank  crossing 

15  00  to    20  00 

24-foot  wide  plank  crossing 

20  00  to    25  00 

Overhead  Farm  Crossings.  —  The  overhead  farm  crossing  is  in 
the  nature  of  a  light  highway  bridge,  and  generally  has  to  be 
designed  to  suit  the  varying  conditions  of  ground  actually  met 
with.  The  bents  are  placed  about  20  feet  apart  across  the  track 
for  single,  and  30  feet  or  more  for  double  track,  with  a  clear  height 
of  22  feet  6  inches  under  the  crossing,  and  a  width  of  14  feet  or 
more.  The  balance  of  the  bents  are  spaced  14  or  16-foot  centers 
on  either  side  of  track.  The  floor  joists  up  to  20-foot  center  to 
center  of  bents,  may  be  3"X12",  and  for  double  track  31  feet  6 
inches  centers  to  centers  of  bents  6"X14",  at  about  2-foot  centers, 
covered  with  3-inch  plank;  a  railing  4  feet  high  or  more  is  placed 
on  each  side  of  crossing  made  up  of  4"X4"  posts  about  8-foot 
centers  with  2"X3"  brackets  and  4"X4"  hand  rail  secured  to 
posts;  the  floor  plank  is  made  extra  long  at  the  posts  to  take 
the  bracket,  and  1"X4"  fencing  is  used.  The  bents  have  12"  X 12" 
caps  on  three  cedar  piles,  or  10"X12"  posts,  three  to  a  bent,  with 
flatted  cedar  sill  under  and  12"X12"  cap  on  top;  the  bents  are 
cross  braced  from  sill  to  cap  with  3"  by  10"  plank,  one  on  each 
side,  and  3"  X 10"  braces  are  also  inserted  longitudinally,  at  least 
one  panel  on  each  side  of  the  track. 


Approximate  Cost.  — 
crossing. 


to  $12  per  lineal  foot  for  14-foot  wide 


Actual  cost:  — 


Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


OFTHE 


^ 

UNIVERSITY 


or 


GUARDS. 


Cattle   Guards. 


41 


At  public  highways  and  other  crossings  cattle  guards  are  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  road,  to  prevent  cattle  from  getting  on  the 
right  of  way. 

They  are  made  of  various  material,  metal  and  wood  being 
used  principally.  The  metal  guards  are  liable  to  rust  unless 
frequently  painted.  The  wood  guards  is  the  most  popular. 

Wood  Cattle  Guards.  (Fig.  18.) — The  common  wood  cattle 
guard  consists  of  a  number  of  board  slats  li"X5"X8'  nailed  at 
about  4-inch  centers  to  slant  face  wood  blocks,  one  block  at 
each  end  between  each  slat,  10  slats  with  18  blocks  forming  a 


Fig.  18.     Wood  Cattle  Guard. 

section;  three  sections  are  generally  used,  one  at  each  side  and 
one  in  the  center  of  track,  and  placed  each  side  of  road  crossing 
resting  on  2//x6'/  timbers  supported  on  8-inch  diameter  cedar 
posts  with  small  brace  straps  at  the  bottom  and  ends;  the  rest 
timbers  are  arranged  to  come  about  level  with  base  of  rail,  so 
that  the  guard  extends  about  4  inches  above  the  base  of  rail.  The 
guards  and  fence  posts  are  usually  whitewashed  when  placed. 

Approximate  Cost.  —  Cost  of  wood  cattle  guards  (6  sections) 
complete  in  place,  $15  to  $25. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Pit  Guards.  —  The  pit  guard  is  usually  an  open  culvert  spanned 
by  stringers  to  carry  the  track;  their  use  for  many  reasons  is  not 
recommended. 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


42  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Metal  Guards. — Metal  guards  made  with  galvanized  iron  bent 
to  form  any  desired  type  of  cattle  guard  is  usually  made  up  in  sec- 
tions arranged  to  fasten  to  the  track  ties,  the  two  outer  sections 
being  supported  at  the  ends  with  2"X6"  timbers  nailed  to  8-inch 
cedar  posts  similar  to  the  wood  guard  supports. 

Approximate  cost  of  galvanized  iron  cattle  guards  (6  sections) 
complete  in  place,  $25  to  $45. 

Actual  cost:  — 

Add  your  own  prices  and  records  in  blank  spaces. 


CULVERTS.  43 


CHAPTER  III. 
CULVERTS. 

CULVERTS  are  used  for  conveying  small  streams  under  the  road- 
bed and  for  drainage  purposes.  Tile,'  concrete,  and  cast-iron 
pipes  are  principally  used,  including  masonry  and  timber  boxes 
and  concrete  arches. 

When  pipes  are  used  locate  on  solid  ground  high  enough  to 
clear  when  flow  ceases,  and  lay  on  a  uniform  grade  equal  to  that 
of  the  natural  ground,  with  a  camber  when  grade  is  less  than  one 
per  cent  to  prevent  formation  of  pockets  by  settlement.  Pref- 
erably excavate  trench  to  fit  the  bottom  part;  otherwise  solidify 
by  tamping  and  compacting  carefully  around  the  culvert. 

Do  not  block,  wedge,  or  lay  in  water.  Place  all  sockets  upgrade 
and  begin  from  lower  end. 

Back  fill  in  tamped  layers.  Do  not  tamp  on  top,  but  form 
an  arch  of  tamped  material  over,  leaving  one  diameter  of  loose 
material  over  the  centers;  then  tamp  all  the  way  across. 

When  two  or  more  are  used  side  by  side  keep  them  one  diam- 
eter apart. 

When  there  is  a  liability  to  scour,  end  walls  or  sheet  piling  is 
provided. 

When  pile  foundation  is  necessary  use  one  row  for  small  pipes 
and  two  rows  staggered,  for  24  inch  or  greater,  supporting  the 
entire  length  of  pipe.  Box  or  arch  culverts  are  piled  when 
necessary  under  the  main  walls. 

Pipe  Culverts. 

TABLE   13.  —  LENGTH  OF  PIPE  REQUIRED  FOR  DIFFERENT  HEIGHTS  OF 

EMBANKMENT. 

Height,  base  of  rail  to  invert.     Length,  pipe  required  in  linear  feet. 


Height,  ft  .. 
Length,  ft.  . 

6 
30 

8 
36 

10 
42 

12 
48 

14 
54 

16 
60 

18 
66 

20 
72 

22 

78 

24 
84 

26 
90 

28 
96 

30 
102 

44 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Estimating  Sizes  of  Pipe.  —  One-inch  rain  fall  per  acre  gives 
approximately  24,000  gallons  per  hour,  or  400  gallons  per  minute. 
Not  more  than  50  per  cent  to  75  per  cent  will  reach  drain  within 
same  hour. 

TABLE    14. —APPROXIMATE    CARRYING    CAPACITY    OF    PIPES. 

Inches  fall  to  100  feet. 


Size  of  pipe. 

2  in. 

3  in. 

6  in. 

9  in. 

12  in. 

24  in. 

36  in. 

Gallons  discharged  per  minute. 

18  inches   .  . 

2,000 
4,500 
8,000 
12,500 

2,500 
5,500 
9,500 
15,500 

3,500 
7,500 
13,500 
22,000 

4,500 
9,000 
16,500 
26,500 

5,000 
10,500 
19,000 
31,000 

7,000 
15,000 
26,500 
43,500 

8,500 
18,000 
32,500 
53,000 

24  inches  ...       ... 

30  inches  

36  inches  

Make  allowance  for  severe  storms,  which  are  generally  of  short  duration. 

Tile  Pipe  Culverts.  (Fig.  19.) — Tile  pipe  must  have  at  least 
4  feet  of  embankment  on  top. 

TABLE    15. —APPROXIMATE    COST. 


Inner 
diam. 

Min.  thick- 
ness shell. 

Min. 
length 
laid. 

Depth  of 

socket. 

Annu- 
lar 
space. 

Weight 
per  lin.  ft. 

Approx. 
cost  per 
ft. 

Riprap 
walls  for 
ends  when 
required 
(Fig.  19) 
cu.  yds. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

4 

i 

24 

2 

* 

10 

$0.10 



6 

f 

24 

2* 

f 

16 

.13* 

8 

I 

30 

2f 

f 

25 

.17* 



10 

1 

30 

2f 

f 

37 

.22 

12 

1 

30 

3 

f 

45 

.27 

8 

15 

H 

30 

3 

f 

76 

.46 

9 

18 

I* 

30 

3i 

f 

118 

.63 

10 

20 

if 

30 

3* 

f 

138 

1.10 

11 

24 

2 

30 

4 

f 

190 

1.37 

12 

Excavating,  laying,  and  refilling  extra. 


CULVERTS. 


45 


CROSS  SECTION 


Outlet  End  Inlet  End 

PIPE  CULVERTS 

Fig.  19. 

Joints  usually  made  of  caulked  oakum  protected  by  cement 
mortar;  when  foundation  is  solid  joints  may  be  filled  with  cement 
mortar,  one  cement  and  one  sand. 

TABLE    16. —  MORTAR  FOR    100   JOINTS    CONCRETE    OR   TILE    PIPE. 


18-inch  diameter  pipe 
24-inch  diameter  pipe 
30-inch  diameter  pipe 
36-inch  diameter  pipe 

If  barrels  cement 
2£  barrels  cement 
4    barrels  cement 
6    barrels  cement 

J  yard  sand 
$  yard  sand 
i  yard  sand 
f  yard  sand 

46 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Concrete  Pipes.  (Fig.  19.) —Concrete  pipe  must  have  at 
least  4  feet  of  embankment  on  top;  a  considerable  saving  may 
be  effected  in  transportation  by  having  the  pipe  made  at  or 
near  the  site,  especially  on  new  work. 

TABLE    17.  —  APPROXIMATE    COST. 
Mixture:   1  cement,  2  sand,  and  3  broken  stone. 


Pipe 

Weight  in  Ibs.  at 

Approx. 

Rip-rap 

Inner 
diam.  of 
pipe,  in. 

lengths. 

130  per  cu.  ft. 

Cu. 
ft.  per 
lin.  ft. 

Thickness 
of  pipe. 

cost  per 
lin  ft.  at 
$10.80 
per  cu. 

for  end 
walls 
when  reqd. 
(Fig.  19) 

Per 

Per 

Ft. 

lin.  ft. 

length. 

yd. 

cu.  yds. 

18 

3.0 

150 

450 

1.15 

2f 

$0.46 

10 

24 

3.0 

300 

900 

2.3 

3* 

0.92 

12 

30 

2.0 

430 

1075 

3.3 

H 

1.32 

14 

36 

2.5 

550 

1375 

4.25 

5A 

1.70 

16 

Excavating,  laying,  and  refilling  extra. 

Joints.  —  One  part  Portland  cement  and  one  part  sand,  and 
all  inside  joints  pointed.  See  Table  16. 

Cast=Iron  Pipe  Culverts.  (Fig.  19.) — Cast-iron  pipe  must 
have  at  least  10  feet  of  embankment  and  preferably  not  over 
25  feet,  carefully  tamped. 


TABLE    18.— APPROXIMATE   WEIGHT    OF    LEAD    AND    YARN    PER    JOINT. 


Diam. 

3  In. 

4  In. 

6  in. 

8  in. 

10  in. 

12  in. 

14  in. 

16  in. 

20  in. 

24  in. 

Lbs. 

Lead.. 

7.25 

8.75 

11.75 

15 

18 

21.5 

33 

37.25 

41.5 

53.5 

Yarn. 

0.11 

0.12 

0.19 

0.25 

0.30 

0.35 

0.40 

.45 

0.6 

0.68 

CULVERTS. 


47 


TABLE    18a.  —  CAST    IRON    PIPE,    APPROXIMATE    COST,  ETC. 
Bell  and  Spigot  Joint. 


Size  inner 

Length  o 

E  pipe 

Weight 

in  Ibs.  per 

Cost  per 

Rip-rap 
for  end 

diarn. 
pipe. 

Over  all. 

Laid. 

Ft. 
laid. 

Length. 

of  pipe. 

per  ton. 

when  reqd. 
(Fig.  19). 

In. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft. 

In. 

Cu.  Yds. 

4 

12     4 

12 

22 

264 

A 

$0.39 

6 

12     4 

12 

36 

432 

i 

.63 



g 

12     4 

12 

53 

636 

A 

93 

10 

12     4 

12 

73 

876 

f 

1.28 

12 

12     4 

12 

95 

1140 

H 

1.66 

8 

14 

12     5 

12 

119 

1428 

I 

2.09 

8* 

16 

12     5 

12 

147 

1764 

it 

2.57 

9 

18 

12     5 

12 

176 

2112 

H 

3.08 

10 

20 

12     5 

12 

208 

2496 

If 

3.64 

11 

24 

12     5 

12 

282 

3384 

i 

4.93 

12 

Excavating,  laying,  and  filling  extra. 


Material  up  to  this  line  included 
Vi  in  quantities  for  End  Wa 


Fig.  20.     Concrete  Arch  Culvert. 

Concrete  Arch  Culverts.  (Fig.  20.)  —Mixture:  One  cement, 
3  sand  and  5  broken  stone.  Excavating,  laying,  and  refilling  extra. 
See  Table  19. 

Settlement.  —  In  places  where  settlement  is  likely  to  occur  build 
in  8  or  10-foot  lengths,  separated  with  a  heavy  layer  of  tarred 
felt.  Joints  to  be  vertical  and  the  width  of  base  increased. 

No  filling  to  be  done  before  concrete  has  thoroughly  set,  the 
minimum  time  allowed  being  two  weeks. 


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50 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Rail  Concrete  Culverts. 

For  permanent  structures  where  there  is  insufficient  head-room 
for  culvert  pipes  or  concrete  arch  culverts,  rail  concrete  culverts 
are  used. 

The  spans  given  are  from  4  to  10  feet,  the  arrangement  consisting 
of  concrete  retaining  walls,  sloped  with  the  bank,  with  concrete 
reinforced  floor  over,  10  to  12  inches  thick,  the  reinforcement  being 
old  rails  embedded  in  the  concrete  at  about  12-inch  centers.  The 
floor  is  paved  with  field  stones,  and  the  ends  of  walls  riprapped 
when  necessary. 


Fig.  21.    Rail  Concrete  Culvert. 

TABLE    20.  —  APPROXIMATE   COST,    ETC.,  SINGLE   TRACK. 
Mixture  :   1  cement,  3  sand,  and  5  broken  stone. 


Concrete. 

Rails. 

Paving. 

Riprap. 

A. 

Span. 

B. 

Depth. 

C. 

Length. 

Cu. 
yds. 
con- 
crete. 

Cost 
at  $10 
per  yd. 

Tons 

rails. 

Cost 

at  $22 
per  ton. 

i 

£ 

Cost 
at 
$1.50 
per  yd. 

f 

>> 

a 

O 

Cost 
at  $3 
per  yd. 

Total 
cost. 

4 

Ft.   In. 

9     6 

Ft.   In. 
21     0 

39 

$390 

1.10 

$24 

10 

$15.00 

8 

$24 

$453.00 

6 

9     6 

21     0 

42 

420 

1.40 

31 

15 

22.50 

16 

48 

521.50 

8 

10     6 

24     0 

53 

530 

1.70 

38 

25 

37.50 

24 

72 

675.50 

10 

11     6 

26     0 

64 

640 

2.00 

44 

35 

52.50 

48 

144 

880.50 

Excavating  and  refilling  extra. 


CULVERTS. 


51 


LONGITUDINAL  SECTION 

Fig.  22.     Stone  Box  Culverts. 

TABLE    21.— APPROXIMATE    COST,    ETC. 
Material  :  Rubble  Masonry,  jn  Cement  Mortar. 


Body. 

Paving. 

Add  for  2  end  wing  walls. 

Total 

Total 

Size. 

Cu. 
yds. 
per 
lin. 

Cost 

at  $8 
per 
cu. 

Sq. 

yds. 
per 
lin. 

Cost 
at 
$1.50. 

cost 
per 
lin. 
ft. 

Cu. 
yds. 

Cost 

at  88. 

Rip- 
rap, 
cu. 
yds. 

Cost 
at  $2 
per 

yd. 

cost 
for  2 
end 
walls, 

ft. 

yd- 

ft. 

etc. 

Ft. 

Cts. 

3X3 

1.10 

$8.80 

.30 

45 

$9.25 

7 

$56.00 

8.00 

$24.00 

$88.00 

3X4 

1.50 

12.00 

.30 

45 

12.45 

12 

96.00 

9.00 

27.50 

123.00 

4X4 

1.75 

14.00 

.40 

60 

14.60 

12 

96.00 

10.00 

30.00 

126.00 

4X5 

2.0 

16.00 

.50 

75 

16.75 

19 

152.00 

12.00 

36.00 

188.00 

5X5 

2.25 

18.00 

.50 

75 

18.75 

19 

152.00 

12.00 

36.00 

188.00 

5X6 

2.5 

20.00 

.60 

90 

20.90 

27 

216.00 

14.00 

42.00 

258.00 

Excavating  and  refilling  extra. 


52 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Cedar  Box  Culverts.  (Fig.  23.)  — To  be  used  only  when  pipe 
or  concrete  culverts  cannot  be  placed  economically.  In  sand 
embankments  use  side  frames  as  shown  in  dotted  lines. 


Pi  ing 


x-- 


X 


DOUBLE  BOX 


X 


X 


SINGLE  BOX 

Fig.  23.     Wood  Box  Culverts. 
TABLE    22.  —  APPROXIMATE    COST,    ETC. 


Size. 

Kind. 

Ft. 
B.M. 

per  ft. 

Cost  at 
$30  per  M. 

Paving, 
sq.  yds. 
per  ft. 

Cost  at 
$2  per 
sq.  yd. 

Iron, 
Ibs. 
per  ft. 

Cost  at 
5  cts.  per 
Ib. 

Approx. 
cost  per 
ft.  cdm- 
plete. 

Ft. 

Cts. 

2X4 

Single 

90 

$2.70 

0.5 

$1.00 

6 

30 

$4.00 

2X4 

Double 

150 

4.50 

1.0 

2.00 

10 

50 

7.00 

4X4 

Single 

175 

5.25 

0.5 

1.00 

15 

75 

7.00 

4X4 

Double 

275 

8.25 

1.0 

2.00 

20 

180 

11.25 

Sheet  pile  at  ends  when  scouring  is  likely  to  occur. 
Excavating  and  refilling  extra. 


BRIDGES.  53 


CHAPTER   IV. 

BRIDGES,  TRESTLES,  RETAINING  WALLS,  CRIBS, 
TUNNELS. 

Bridges. 

Deck  Plate  Girders.  (Fig.  24.)  —  Deck  plate  bridges  are 
made  of  steel  plates  and  angles,  fabricated  and  riveted  up  into 
girders,  etc.,  in  the  shops. 

The  girders  are  placed  at  9  feet  centers  more  or  less,  and  are  held 
laterally  by  steel  brace  frames  at  varying  intervals  placed  cross- 
wise, and  by  longitudinal  bracing  top  and  bottom. 

Usually  the  span  is  completely  shop-riveted  and  shipped  ready 
to  drop  into  place,  so  that  it  is  only  necessary  to  insert  the  stone 
bolts  and  erect  the  floor,  which  is  very  easily  done. 

The  ends  of  girders  resting  on  the  masonry  are  supported  on 
steel  bearing  and  bed  plates  bolted  to  the  bridge  seats;  the  bolt 
holes  are  slotted  to  allow  for  expansion  and  contraction  for  bridges 
up  to  50  feet  span,  and  for  bridges  over  this  limit,  bearing  and  pin- 
centered  bed  plates  with  steel  rollers  are  generally  used. 

Generally  speaking,  though  not  the  cheapest  type  of  bridge  to 
use,  it  is  the  most  convenient  when  ample  clearance  can  be  had. 

Approximate  weight  and  cost  of  Deck  Plate  Girder  Spans  from 
20  to  100  feet  are  given  in  table  No.  23. 

Half  Deck  Plate  Girders.  (Fig.  25.)  —  Half  deck  plate  bridges 
are  fabricated  in  the  same  manner,  but  the  girders,  frame  and 
bracings  are  shipped  loose  and  field  riveted  to  the  girders  when 
placed.  The  girders  are  widened  out  to  allow  train  clearance 
between,  as  the  floor  is  placed  below  the  top  flanges  of  the  bridge; 
the  brace  frames  being  somewhat  shallow  are  reinforced  by  gusset 
plates,  which  extend  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  flanges  in  trian- 
gular form. 

The  floor  system,  on  account  of  the  longer  distance  between 
girders,  is  very  much  heavier  than  the  deck  floor;  in  many  cases 
it  is  built  of  steel  and  reinforced  concrete,  with  ties  embedded  in 
ballast. 


54  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

This  type  of  bridge  is  convenient,  and  used  to  a  large  extent 
where  the  bridge  clearance  is  limited.  The  wood  floor  between 
girders  is  the  cheapest,  but  steel  floor  beams  and  stringers  is  better 
construction. 

Approximate  weight  and  cost  of  Half  Deck  Plate  Girder  Spans 
from  20  to  90  feet,  are  given  in  table  No.  24  (wood  floor  between 
girders). 

Deck  and  Through  Trusses.  (Figs.  26  and  27.)  — Deck  and 
through  lattice  truss  bridges  are  fabricated  from  plates,  angles, 
etc.,  and  shop  riveted  in  sections  for  different  members;  the 
trusses  are  usually  shop  riveted  and  shipped  in  one  or  two  lengths, 
the  frames,  bracing,  etc.,  being  field  riveted  to  them  during  erec- 
tion at  the  site. 

The  deck  bridges  have  cross  brace  frames  at  every  panel  and 
longitudinal  bracing  top  and  bottom;  the  floor  is  placed  on  top  of 
the  main  girders  or  independent  floor  beams,  and  stringers  are 
inserted  on  which  the  floor  rests. 

The  through  bridges  have  floorbeams  every  panel  crosswise, 
with  stringers  running  lengthwise,  riveted  to  the  floorbeams.  The 
trusses  are  cross  braced  top  and  bottom  in  panels,  with  heavy 
portal  bracing  at  the  inclined  arms  of  each  end.  The  floor  is 
secured  to  the  steel  stringers  and  carries  the  rails  and  guards. 

Deck  truss  bridges  are  used  when  there  is  ample  clearance,  and 
for  high  crossings,  where  it  would  not  be  economical  to  place 
smaller  spans. 

Through  bridges  are  used  when  the  clearance  is  limited,  and  at 
wide  crossings,  where  it  would  not  be  economical  to  place  shorter 
spans. 

Approximate  cost  and  weight  of  Deck  and  Through  Truss 
Bridges  are  given  in  tables  Nos.  25  and  26. 

Drawbridges.  (Fig.  28.)  —  Drawbridges  are  fabricated  and 
built  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  through  and  deck  truss  bridges 
already  described.  In  all  cases  it  is  necessary  to  provide  operat- 
ing mechanism  to  open  and  close,  lift  or  lower  the  same. 

They  are  used  for  crossing  navigable  water  or  canals. 

Approximate  cost  and  weight  of  a  few  drawbridges  are  given  in 
table  No.  27. 


BRIDGES.  55 

Live  Load.  —  The  steel  bridges  and  trestles,  for  which  weights 
and  quantities  are  given,  are  assumed  to  carry,  in  addition  to  the 
dead  load,  two  consolidated  engines  coupled  as  shown  in  diagram 
below,  followed  by  a  train  load  of  4000  pounds  per  lineal  foot. 
Floor  consists  of  wood  ties,  spaced  and  proportioned  to  carry  the 
maximum  wheel  load,  distributed  over  3  ties,  the  outer  fiber  stress 
on  the  timber  not  to  exceed  1000  pounds  per  square  inch  (without 
impact). 

337,000  Its.  337,000  Ibs. 


128,000  190,000  128,000 


i   I  i  i   I    I  i   i  i    I    I  i  i  §    I  I  i  I 

S       98     S       1         tffllfKSiSS*         8      &      8      8  4,000  Ibs.  per  ft. 

•I  1 1 1 1  1 1 1  U  1 1 1 1  1 1 1 '  T™ 


Dead  Load.  —  For  calculating  stresses  the  timber  weight  is 
assumed  at  4^  pounds  per  foot  B.  M.,  and  the  weight  of  rails,  spikes, 
and  joints  at  100  pounds  per  lineal  foot  of  track. 


56 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Base  of  Rail 


t 

|                Wood  Ties 

V 

!               1                                           ,1  "A,. 

Q'P    tor 

\ 

\ 

Br  Seat 

J 

\ 

N 

Fig.  24.    Deck  Plate  Girders,  9'  0"  centers. 


TABLE   23. — APPROXIMATE  WEIGHT   AND   COST    OF   STEEL  DECK   PLATE 
BRIDGES    (SINGLE    TRACK). 


Length 
over 
all, 
ft. 

Base  of 
rail  to 
bridge 
seat, 
ft.  and 
in. 

Depth 
back  to 
back  of 
angles, 
ft.   and 
in. 

Total 
weight. 

Weight 
of  steel 
per  ft. 
of 
bridge. 

Cost  of 
steel  at 
Sets, 
per  Ib. 

Bridge 
ties  at 
12-in. 
centers. 

Aver, 
length 
of  floor 
system. 

Cost   of 
floor  at 

$5  per 
ft. 

Total 
cost    of 
steel 
and 
floor 
system 

Notes. 

A. 
20 

30 
40 

B. 
3  9 

4  6 
5  6 

C. 
2  6 

3  0 
4  0 

Lbs. 
12,000 

19,500 
28,000 

Lbs. 
600 

650 
700 

Dols. 
600 

975 
1400 

In. 
8X14 

8X14 
8X14 

Ft. 
30 

40 
50 

Dols. 
150 

200 
250 

Dols. 
750 

1175 
1650 





50 
60 
70 

6  6 
8  0 
9  0 

5  0 
6  0 
7  0 

40,000 
57,000 
73,500 

800 
950 
1050 

2000 
2850 
3675 

8X14 
8X14 
8X14 

60 
70 
80 

300 
350 
400 

2300 
3200 
4075 



80 

10  0 

8  0 

92,000 

1150 

4600 

8X14 

90 

450 

5050 



90 

11  6 

9  0 

121,500 

1350 

6075 

8X14 

100 

500 

6575 

100 

13  0 

10  0 

150,000 

1500 

7500 

8X14 

110 

550 

8050 



For  quantities  in  abutments  and  piers,  see  pages  62,  63,  and  64. 


BRIDGES. 


57 


r  i 

Base  of  Rail 

TE3 

3  Cb—Lg.  over  all    A"  > 

—  Br.  Seat 

<   •                                        <?yuu 

K-  -   T 

^-Wood  Ties     J 


Fig.  25.     Half  Deck  Plate  Girders,  13  ft.  centers. 


TABLE    24.  —  APPROXIMATE  WEIGHT   AND   COST   OF   STEEL    HALF    DECK 
PLATE    BRIDGES    (SINGLE    TRACK). 


Length 
over 
all, 

ft. 

Base  of 
rail  to 
bridge 
seat, 
it.   and 
in. 

Depth 
back  to 
back  of 
angles, 
't.   and 
in. 

Total 
weight. 

Weight 
of  steel 
per  ft. 
of 
bridge. 

Cost  of 
steel  at 
5  cts. 
per    Ib. 

Bridge 
ties  at 
12  in. 
centers. 

Aver, 
length 
of  floor 
system. 

Cost  of 
floor 

system 
at  $5 
per  ft. 

Total 
cost  of 
steel 
and 
floor 
system. 

Notes. 

A. 

20 

B. 

1  7 

C. 

Lbs. 
13,000 

Lbs. 
650 

Dols. 
650 

In. 
8X16 

Ft. 
30 

Dols. 
150 

Dols. 
800 

30 

1  7 

21,000 

700 

1050 

8X16 

40 

200 

1250 

40 

1  7 

4 

30,000 

750 

1500 

8X16 

50 

250 

1750 

50 

2  6 

5 

42  500 

850 

2125 

8X16 

60 

300 

2425 

60 
70 

4  0 
4  9 

6 
7 

60,000 
80,500 

1000 
1150 

3000 
4025 

8X16 
8X16 

70 
80 

350 
400 

3350 
4425 



80 

5  9 

g 

100  000 

1250 

5000 

8X16 

90 

450 

5450 

For  quantities  in  abutments  and  piers,  see  pages  62,  63,  and  64. 


58 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  26.    Deck  Lattice  Rivetted  Trusses. 


TABLE    25.  —  APPROXIMATE  WEIGHT  AND  COST  OF  STEEL  DECK  LATTICE 
RIVETED    TRUSS    BRIDGES    (SINGLE    TRACK). 


M 

B 

. 

• 

O    QJ 

11 

|° 

i 

o 

&       (T) 

of 

|  o 

to 

1 

5j 

it 

•S  2 

«  1 

^-*     OQ 

1  £ 

gS 

<§  «« 

1  I 

•£  ^ 

•g     OD 

5  ~ 

^ 

£2 

!> 

s2 

*o  .2 

&«' 

W)   O 

*o  ^ 

—    ^ 

. 

c 

$  "^ 

3 

•s" 

+j  ° 

^^ 

o3  ^ 

"M    S 

3  "° 

-2 

1S 

a 

1 

Q  ° 

* 

ga 

1"° 

§^ 

< 

a- 

H  * 

* 

A. 

B. 

C. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.   In. 

Ft.   In. 

Lbs. 

Dols. 

In. 

Ft. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

9 

100 

13  0 

10  6 

150,000 

1500 

7,500 

8X14 

110 

550 

8,050 

9 

125 

16  0 

13  0 

225,000 

1800 

11,250 

8X14 

135 

675 

11,925 

16 

150 

27  3 

25  6 

315,000 

2100 

15,750 

8X10 

160 

800 

16,550 



18 

175 

28  6 

28  0 

420,000 

2400 

21,000 

8X10 

185 

925 

21,925 

20 

200 

30  6 

30  0 

540,000 

2700 

27,000 

8X10 

210 

1050 

28,050 

For  quantities  in  abutments  and  piers,  see  pages  62,  63,  and  64. 


BRIDGES. 


59 


n 


Fig.  27.    Through  Lattice  Rivetted  Trusses. 


TABLE      26.  —  APPROXIMATE    WEIGHT    AND    COST    OF    STEEL    THROUGH 
RIVETED    TRUSS   BRIDGES    (SINGLE    TRACK). 


Length 
over 
all. 

A. 

Base  of 
rail  to 
bridge 
seat. 
B. 

Depth 
c.  to  c. 
of 
chords. 

Total 

weight. 

Weight 
of  steel 
per  ft. 
of 
bridge. 

Cost  of 

steel  at 
5  cts. 
per  Ib. 

Bridge 
ties  at 
12-in. 
centers. 

Aver- 
age 
length 
of  floor 

system. 

Cost  of 
floor 

system 
at  $5 
per  ft. 

Total 
cost  of 
steel 
and 
floor 

Notes. 

system  . 

Ft. 

Ft.   In. 

Ft.   In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Dols. 

In. 

Ft. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

100 

6  0 

22  6 

180,000 

1800 

9,000 

8X10 

110 

550 

9,550 



125 

6  6 

25  0 

262,500 

2100 

13,125 

8X10 

135 

675 

13,800 



150 

7  0 

27  6 

360,000 

2400 

18,000 

8X10 

160 

800 

18,800 

175 

7  6 

30  0 

472,700 

2700 

23,635 

8X10 

185 

925 

24,560 



200 

8  0 

32  6 

600,000 

3000 

30,000 

8X10 

210 

1050 

31,050 

For  quantities  in  abutments  and  piers,  see  pages  62,  63,  and  64. 


60 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


|         H.  Deck         /T\  Through 

Fig.  28.    Half  Deck  and  Through  Drawbridges. 


TABLE  27. —  APPROXIMATE  WEIGHT   AND    COST  OF  STEEL  DRAWBRIDGES 

(SINGLE  TRACK). 


. 

o    • 

AS' 

$  B 

! 

1 

J3 

il 

§ 

H  § 

J>  fe 

ts  w- 

|f 

»& 

il 

•s 

•3 

8<s 

1 

1° 

*tt     w 

o  o 

§0   0 

2  ti 

8  § 

1 

1 

T3    "£ 

3 

§£ 

°  3t 

^   o 

^ 

1  « 

°  s 

H  c 

S 

3 

3 

£8 

1 

^  s, 

J  10 

w  ^ 

^  o 

o   <o 

H  § 

£ 

A 

Ft. 

Ft.   In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Dols. 

Inches. 

Ft. 

Dols. 

Dols. 

70 

H.  deck  pi. 

12  7 

75,000 

1070 

3,750 

8X15 

70 

420 

4,170 

130 

Deck  pi. 

9  0 

216,000 

1670 

10,  800 

8X16 

130 

780 

11,580 



250 

Thro'  latt. 

18  6 

750,  000 

3000 

37,  500 

8X10 

250 

1500 

39,  000 

BRIDGES. 


61 


Bridge  Abutments. 

Abutments  may  be  built  either  of  stone  or  concrete.  For  the 
latter,  if  current  is  strong,  the  up-stream  corners  should  be  stone- 
faced.  Leave  4-inch  clearance  between  face  of  ballast  wall  and 
end  of  girders.  Frost  batter  of  walls  to  be  finished  smooth. 


Fig.  29.    Bridge  Abutments. 


Bridge  seats  to  be  finished  to  a  dead  level  throughout  on  tangents, 
and  on  curves  given  a  slope  parallel  to  the  super-elevation  of  the 
outer  rail,  including  tie  seat  on  the  ballast  wall. 

On  curves  locate  abutments  normal  to  chord  of  span. 


62  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

TABL  E  28.  —  ABUTMENTS  FOR  DECK  PLATE  GIRDERS.  (Fig.  29.) 


Bridge  seats. 

Approximate  cubic  yards  in  one  abutment.  Height  "  C." 

10 

14 

18 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

50 

A. 

B. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

20 

2  0 

3  9 

28 

64 

114 

180 

265 

370 

498 

650 

829 

1036 

1274 

30 

2  3 

4  6 

29 

66 

116 

182 

267 

372 

500 

652 

831 

1038 

1276 

40 

2  6 

5  6 

30 

68 

118 

184 

269 

374 

502 

654 

833 

1040 

1278 

50 

2  9 

6  6 

31 

70 

120 

186 

271 

376 

504 

656 

835 

1042 

1280 

60 

3  0 

8  0 

72 

124 

190 

275 

380 

508 

660 

839 

1046 

1284 

70 

3  3 

9  0 

74 

128 

195 

279 

384 

512 

664 

843 

1050 

1289 

80 

3  6 

10  0 

75 

130 

198 

283 

388 

516 

668 

847 

1054 

1293 

90 

4  0 

10  6 

.... 

76 

133 

203 

288 

393 

520 

673 

852 

1059 

1297 

TABLE  29.  —  ABUTMENTS  FOR  HALF  DECK  GIRDERS.  (Fig.  29.) 


Bridge  seats. 

Approximate  cubic  yards  in  one  abutment.  Height  "  C." 

Span. 

j^ 

B. 

10 

14 

18 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

50 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

20 

2  0 

1  8 

27 

63 

113 

179 

264 

369 

497 

649 

828 

1035 

1273 

30 

2  3 

1  8 

28 

65 

115 

181 

266 

371 

499 

651 

829 

1037 

1275 

40 

2  6 

1  8 

29 

66 

116 

182 

267 

372 

500 

652 

830 

1038 

1276 

50 

2  9 

2  5 

29 

67 

117 

183 

268 

373 

501 

654 

832 

1040 

1278 

60 

3  0 

3  11 

30 

70 

121 

187 

272 

377 

505 

658 

835 

1043 

1281 

70 

3  3 

4  10 

31 

72 

124 

191 

276 

381 

509 

663 

840 

1048 

1286 

80 

3  6 

5  9 

32 

74 

127 

195 

280 

384 

512 

666 

843 

1051 

1289 

TABLE  30.  —  ABUTMENTS  FOR  THROUGH  BRIDGES.  (Fig.  29.) 


Bridge  seats. 

Approximate  cubic  yards  in  one  abutment.  Height  "  C." 

opan. 

j^ 

B 

10 

14 

18 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

50 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.  In. 

Ft.  In. 

100 

4  0 

5  6 

38 

84 

139 

208 

294 

398 

526 

680 

857 

965 

1303 

125 

4  0 

5  9 

39 

85 

140 

210 

296 

400 

528 

682 

859 

967 

1305 

150 

4  0 

5  9 

39 

85 

141 

211 

298 

402 

530 

684 

861 

969 

1307 

200 

4  6 

6  0 

40 

86 

143 

213 

301 

405 

533 

687 

865 

973 

1311 

BRIDGES. 


63 


Bridge  Piers. 

Piers  may  be  built  either  of  concrete  or  stone.  If  of  concrete, 
the  up-stream  cutwater  exposed  to  the  action  of  swift  currents, 
ice,  or  driftwood  should  have  stone  facing,  to  about  3  feet  above 
high  water. 


Base  of  Rail 


I 

B 

w    „ 

•3 

"Q  ,£J 


1L_ 


FRONT]  VIEW 


SECTION 


CONCRETE  BASE 


PLAN 


Fig.  29a.     Bridge  Piers. 
TABLE    31. —APPROXIMATE    CUBIC    YARDS    IN    ONE    PIER.     (Fig.  29a.) 


Width  of  piers. 


For  girders  13-foot  centers  or  less.      Total  height. 


"  B." 

10 

Ft. 

14 

Ft. 

18 
Ft. 

22 

Ft. 

26 
Ft. 

30 
Ft. 

34 

Ft. 

38 
Ft. 

42 

Ft. 

46 

Ft. 

50 
Ft. 

54 

Ft. 

58 
Ft. 

Ft.  In. 

4   0 

39 

56 

74 

93 

114 

137 

161 

186 

214 

243 

274 

306 

340 

4   6 

45 

64 

84 

105 

129 

155 

180 

208 

238 

269 

304 

338 

376 

5   0 

50 

71 

93 

118 

143 

171 

200 

231 

263 

298 

334 

371 

412 

5   6 

56 

79 

104 

131 

159 

189 

220 

254 

289 

326 

365 

406 

449 

6   0 

62 

88 

115 

144 

175 

207 

242 

278 

317 

358 

399 

443 

489 

6   6 

68 

96 

126 

158 

191 

227 

264 

303 

344 

387 

433 

480 

529 

7   0 

75 

106 

138 

172 

209 

247 

287 

329 

373 

420 

467 

518 

570 

7   6 

81 

115 

150 

187 

226 

267 

310 

355 

403 

454 

504 

558 

614 

8   0 

88 

124 

165 

203 

245 

289 

335 

383 

434 

486 

541 

598 

657 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


64 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE    32.  —  APPROXIMATE    CUBIC    YARDS    IN    ONE  PIER.     (Fig.  29a.) 


Width  of  piers. 

For  girders  over  13-foot  centers  up  to  20-foot  centers.  Total  height. 

*  <  T>  " 

10 

14 

18 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

r> 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.  In. 

6  0 

83 

117 

152 

190 

231 

273 

318 

364 

415 

467 

520 

576 

635 

6  6 

90 

127 

166 

208 

251 

297 

345 

395 

448 

503 

561 

621 

683 

7  0 

98 

139 

181 

225 

272 

321 

373 

427 

483 

543 

603 

667 

733 

7  6 

106 

150 

195 

243 

293 

346 

401 

458 

519 

583 

647 

715 

786 

8  0 

114 

161 

211 

262 

316 

372 

431 

492 

557 

622 

692 

764 

837 

8  6 

123 

174 

227 

281 

339 

399 

461 

528 

595 

664 

738 

812 

891 

9  0 

132 

186 

241 

301 

362 

426 

492 

562 

632 

707 

783 

861 

941 

When  it  is  necessary  to  carry  abutments  or  piers  on  piles,  a 
grillage  of  12"X12"  timbers  embedded  in  concrete  is  very  com- 
monly used  to  form  a  base  over  the  piles  as  shown  in  Fig.  29a. 

The  piles  and  timbers  are  placed  about  3-foot  centers,  and  the 
quantities  per  square  foot  of  area  covered  (D.  X  E.)  would  be 
approximately  as  follows: 

Number  of  piles 0.12  X  D.  E. 

Cubic  yards  concrete 0.06  X  D.  E. 

Ft.  B.  M.  timber 8.0    X  D.  E. 

Estimate  for  concrete  base  and  pile  foundation  from  above 
data : 

Piles  20  feet  long,  D.  9  feet  and  E.  18  feet  =  162  square  feet. 

No.  of  piles  162  X  .12=  19  X  20  =  380ft.  at  25  cts $95.00 

Ft.  B.  M.  12  X  12  timbers  162  X  8  =  1296ft.  B.  M.  at  $30..      38.88 
Cu.  yds.  concrete,  162  X  .06=  9.7cu.  yds.  at  $8 77.60 


Total.. 


$201.48 


In  addition  to  the  concrete  base  it  is  usually  necessary  to 
place  caissons  or  wood  cribs  around  the  piers,  forming  a  water- 
tight box  from  which  the  water  is  pumped  so  that  the  founda- 
tions can  be  laid  dry.  These  boxes  are  made  up  of  12"X12" 
timbers  framed  and  braced,  or  sheet  piling,  either  wood  or  steel, 
is  often  used.  The  cost  and  quantities  vary  with  the  nature  of 
foundation  and  are  usually  paid  for  at  unit  prices. 


BRIDGES.  65 

In  place  of  the  concrete  and  timber  base  sometimes  a  solid 
floor  24  inches  thick  made  up  of  12"X12"  timbers  drift-bolted 
together  is  used  as  a  floating  platform  on  which  the  masonry  is 
built,  and  sunk  into  position  over  the  piles,  the  piles  having  pre- 
viously been  cut  off  by  an  under-water  saw. 

The  objection  to  this  method  is  the  liability  in  case  of  an  ice 
shove  for  the  pier  to  slide  between  the  platform  and  piles. 

All  piers  and  abutments  should  be  sufficiently  protected  from 
scour,  which  is  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  bridge  failures.  This 
can  only  be  done  by  taking  foundations  down  to  solid  bottom 
and  anchoring  the  masonry  to  the  foundation  bed  by  large  stone 
bolts,  or  dowels. 

In  running  water  they  should  be  further  protected  by  stone 
riprapping  all  around;  and  when  the  clearance  is  limited  and 
severe  ice  shoves  are  likely  to  occur,  crib  protection  piers  filled 
with  stones,  placed  25  to  50  feet  ahead  of  each  pier  up  stream, 
should  be  used. 


66  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Timber  Trestles. 

Timber  trestles  are  of  two  types,  pile  and  frame,  and  are  used 
principally  for  rapid  or  cheap  first-cost  construction,  to  be  even- 
tually filled  or  replaced  by  permanent  structures  at  some  future 
date. 

The  structure  must  be  made  rigid  by  sway  bracing  the  bents 
crosswise  and  longitudinally,  to  withstand  the  pull  from  a  mov- 
ing train,  or  the  thrust  when  brakes  are  applied.  Trestle  fail- 
ures are  frequently  caused  by  insufficient  bracing.  Trestles  of 
long  lengths  should  have  fire  breaks;  that  is,  a  few  bents  at  vary- 
ing intervals  should  be  filled  in  or  made  fireproof,  so  that  should 
a  fire  occur,  the  whole  trestle  will  not  be  destroyed. 

Frame  Trestles.  (Fig.  30a.)  —  The  bents  are  made  of  square 
timber  framed  together  and  braced,  the  economic  limit  of  height 
being  probably  100  feet.  The  foundation  may  be  piles  cut  off 
at  ground  level,  with  timber  sills  on  top  or  masonry  piers.  The 
structures  must  be  made  rigid  by  bracing  transversely  and  longi- 
tudinally throughout. 

Approximate  cost  and  quantities  are  given  in  table  No.  35. 

Pile  Trestles.  (Fig.  30.)  —  The  bents  are  formed  of  several 
piles  with  caps  and  sway  bracing,  the  floor  consisting  of  longi- 
tudinal stringers  with  cross  ties,  or  solid  plank  with  ballast  floor 
on  top. 

Owing  to  the  long  length  of  piles  required,  they  rarely  exceed 
30  feet  in  height. 

For  heights  over  10  feet  up  to  20  feet,  longitudinal  bracing 
should  be  inserted  at  least  every  fifth  panel;  over  25  feet  every 
alternative  panel  should  be  braced,  arranged  so  as  to  hold  the 
posts  midway  to  stiffen  them  as  columns. 

Approximate  cost  and  quantities  are  given  in  tables  No.  33 
and  34. 


TRESTLES. 


67 


8  "x  8  "Ties  12'    U  C.toC. "T I   12  x  16  for  12  Span 

~w^y loxis" » is' " 


Pile  Bents 
6'to  15' 


12x12x6  Sills 

Fig.  30.     Pile  Trestle.  Fig.  30a.     Frame  Trestle. 


Piles  used  in 
'Soft  or  Swampy  ground 


68 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE    33. —  PILE    TRESTLE:     SINGLE    TRACK.       (Fig.   30.)   APPROXIMATE 

QUANTITIES    AND    COST    COMPLETE. 

Bents  12-foot  centers. 


Piles. 

Bracing  and  floor  system. 

Bottom  of 
sill  to  top 
of  cap. 

No. 

per 
bent. 

Aver- 
age 
length 
each. 

Lineal 
ft.  per 
ft.  of 
trestle. 

Cost  at 
30  cts. 
per  ft. 

Ft. 
B.  M. 
per  ft. 
of 
trestle 

Cost  at 
$35  per 
M.  ft. 
B.M. 

Iron 
per  lin. 
ft.  of 

trestle, 
Ibs. 

Cost  at 
6  cts. 
perlb. 

Approxi- 
mate total 
cost  per 
lineal  ft. 
of  trestle. 

5 

4 

20 

7 

$2.10 

220 

$7.70 

20 

$1.20 

$11.00 

10 

4 

25 

9 

2.70 

230 

8.05 

22 

1.32 

12.00 

15 

4 

30 

10 

3.00 

240 

8.40 

24 

1.44 

12.84 

20 

4 

35 

12 

3.60 

250 

8.75 

26 

1.56 

13.91 

25 

5 

40 

17 

5.10 

260 

9.10 

28 

1.60 

15.88 

30 

5 

45 

19 

5.70 

270 

9.45 

30 

1.80 

16.95 

Rails  and  fastenings  not  included.     For  cost,  see  p.  13. 

TABLE    34.  —  PILE   TRESTLE  :    SINGLE   TRACK.      (Fig.    30.)     APPROXIMATE 
QUANTITIES    AND    COST    COMPLETE. 
Bents  15-foot  centers. 


Piles. 

Bracing  and  floor  system. 

Height 

Bottom  of 
sill  to  top 
of  cap. 

No. 

per 
bent. 

Aver- 
age 
length 
each. 

Lineal 
ft.  per 
ft.  of 
trestle. 

Cost  at 
30  cts. 
per  ft. 

Ft. 
B.  M. 
per  ft. 
of 
trestle. 

Cost  at 
$35 
perM. 
ft. 
B.  M. 

Iron 
per 
lineal 
ft.  of 
trestle, 
Ibs. 

Cost  at 
6  cents 
per  Ib. 

Approxi- 
mate total 
cost  per 
lineal  ft. 
of  tflestle. 

5 

4 

20 

7 

$2.10 

200 

$7.00 

18 

$0.90 

$10.00 

10 

4 

25 

9 

2.70 

210 

7.35 

20 

1.00 

11.05 

15 

4 

30 

10 

3.00 

220 

7.70 

22 

1.10 

11.80 

20 

4 

35 

12 

3.60 

230 

8.05 

24 

1.20 

12.25 

25 

5 

40 

17 

5.10 

240 

8.40 

26 

1.30 

14.80 

30 

5 

45 

19 

5.70 

250 

8.75 

28 

1.40 

15.85 

Rails  and  fastenings  not  included.     For  cost,  see  p.  13. 


TRESTLES. 


69 


TABLE  35.  —  FRAME  TRESTLE  :  SINGLE  TRACK.    (Fig.  30a.)    APPROXIMATE 

QUANTITIES    AND    COST. 

Bents  15-foot  centers. 


Bents,  bracings,  sills,  caps,  stringers,  and  floor  system. 


Height. 
Base  of 
rail  to  bot- 
tom of  sill. 

Ft.  B.  M.  per 
lineal  ft.  of 
trestle. 

Cost  at  $35 
per  M.  ft. 
B.  M. 

Iron  per  ft.  of 
trestle,  Ibs. 

Cost  at  5  cts. 
per  Ib. 

Total  cost  per 
lineal  ft.  of 
trestle. 

Ft. 
20 

300 

$10.50 

20 

$1.00 

$11.50 

25 

350 

12.25 

20 

1.00 

13.50 

30 

400 

14.00 

20 

1.00 

15.00 

35 

450 

15.75 

22 

1.10 

16.85 

40 

500 

17.50 

24 

1.20 

17.70 

45 

550 

19.25 

26 

1.30 

20.55 

50 

600 

21.00 

28 

1.40 

22.40 

55 

650 

22.75 

30 

1.50 

24.25 

60 

700 

24.50 

32 

1.60 

26.10 

65 

750 

26.25 

34 

1.70 

27.95 

70 

800 

28.00 

36 

1.80 

29.80 

75 

900 

31.50 

38 

1.90 

33.40 

80 

950 

33.25 

40 

2.00 

35.25 

85 

1000 

35.00 

42 

2.10 

37.10 

90 

1050 

36.75 

44 

2.20 

38.95 

95 

1100 

38.50 

46 

2.30 

40.80 

100 

1150 

40.25 

48 

2.40 

42.65 

Pile  foundation  extra.     Masonry  foundation  extra. 
Rails  and  fastenings  not  included.     For  cost,  see  p.  13. 


70 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Steel  Trestles. 

For  permanent  work,  in  some  instances  a  high  steel  trestle 
will  be  less  costly  than  a  fill  embankment. 

The  tower  spans  are  usually  made  30  to  40  feet,  and  the  spans 
between  vary  from  30  to  80  feet,  depending  on  the  height  of 
bents.  They  are  generally  made  wide  enough  at  the  base  so  as  not 
to  require  anchorage. 

H.  E.  Vautlet's  rule  for  estimating  steel  trestles,  used  by  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  for  preliminary  estimates,  is  as  follows: 

Steel  trestles  up  to  100  feet  in  height  with  30-foot  towers  and 
60-foot  spans.  (Fig.  31.) 

Number  of  piles  =  100  +  .4  C.  D.  feet. 

Masonry  in  cubic  yards    =  350  +  1.25  C.  D.   feet. 

Weight  steel  in  pounds    =  (C.  D.  feet  X  850)  +  (S.  X  14). 

Length  of  floor  =  A.  B.  feet. 


M 

Fig.  31. 

Approximate  estimate  steel  trestle  on  pile  foundation  from 
the  above  (trestle  50  feet  high  at  center,  track  rails  and  fasten- 
ings not  included):  A.  B.  2400  feet,  C.  D.  2100  feet,  S.  63,000 
square  feet.  Piles  20  feet  long. 

Piles,  100+  (0.4X2100) -940X20  feet  long  each- 18,800  lineal 

feet  at  20  cts $3, 760.00 

Masonry,  300+ (1.25X2100)  =  2925  cubic  yards  at  $7 20,475.00 

Steel,  (2100X900)+  (63,OOOX  14)  =  2,772,000  Ibs.  at  4  cts 110,880.00 

Floor  system,  2400  lineal  feet  at  $5 12,000.00 

or,  about  $62  per  lineal  foot  of  trestle.  $147>  115-°° 

In  this  instance,  unless  for  other  specific  reasons,  it  would 
evidently  be  much  cheaper  to  fill,  as  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  for 
filling  would  have  to  exceed  80  cents  to  make  the  cost  equivalent 
to  a  steel  viaduct. 


HOWE  TRUSS  BRIDGES. 


71 


Howe  Truss  Bridges. 

For  branch  lines  in  a  timber  country  and  for  temporary  bridg- 
ing, Howe  truss  spans  are  often  used.  The  chords  and  braces  are 
made  of  timber  and  the  vertical  rods  of  steel  usually  upset,  with 
cast-iron  blocks  at  the  angles  of  braces,  which  are  bolted  or 
doweled  into  the  main  members.  The  best  class  of  timber  is 
used  with  as  few  splices  as  possible. 

The  loads,  quantities,  and  weights  in  the  table  of  cost  are  from 
Johnson's  modern  frame  structures,  taken  from  the  Oregon  Pacific 
(A.  A.  Schenck,  chief  engineer)  and  published  in  the  Engineer- 
ing News,  April  26,  1890.  The  live  load  assumed  was  two  88-ton 
engines  followed  by  a  train  load  of  3000  pounds  per  foot. 

For  deck  bridges  add  20  per  cent  to  the  weight  of  the  timber 
and  deduct  20  per  cent  from  the  weight  of  the  wrought  iron. 

To  protect  the  chords  from  engine  sparks,  galvanized  iron  is 
often  used.  Sometimes  also  the  timbers  are  treated  by  a  chemical 
process  to  prevent  or  retard  decay,  or  whitewashed  with  a  fire- 
resistant  compound.  They  require  to  be  closely  inspected  at  all 
times. 

TABLE  36.  —  APPROXIMATE  COST,  WEIGHTS  AND  QUANTITIES  FOR  HOWE 

TRUSS    BRIDGES. 


Length 
of 
span. 

Style  of 
truss. 

Height 
of 
truss. 

No.  of 

panels. 

Total  dead 
and  live 
load  per 
ft. 

Estimated  quantities. 

Approxi- 
mate cost 
erected. 

Timber, 
ft.  B.  M. 

Wrought 
iron. 

Cast 
iron. 

Ft. 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
90 
100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 

Pony 
.  .  .do.  .  . 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
.  .  .do.  .  . 

Ft. 
9 
11 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 

4 
4 
6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

6000 
5500 
5200 
4900 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4700 
4700 
4700 

10,200 
13,400 
19,100 
22,800 
30,000 
35,400 
42,800 
41,900 
48,900 
54,800 
62,  100 
70,200 
78,200 
86,700 

Lbs. 
2,200 
3,000 
5,700 
6,800 
17,500 
22,000 
28,  700 
33,100 
41,600 
48,200 
56,900 
67,300 
73,900 
87,300 

Lbs. 
1,000 
1,300 
2,900 
3,700 
8,300 
10,000 
12,600 
13,300 
14,300 
16,000 
18,300 
20,900 
23,300 
27,100 

Dols. 
550 
740 
1170 
1410 
2480 
3010 
3890 
4020 
4810 
5290 
6350 
7320 
8100 
9330 

...do... 
Through 
.  .  .do.  .  . 
.  .  .do.  .  . 

.  .  .do.  .  . 

...do... 
...do... 
.  .  .do.  .  . 

Prices  assumed  :  Timber,  $35  per  M.  ft.  B.  M.  erected;   steel,  5  cts.  per  pound  erected; 
cast  iron,  4  cts  per  pound  erected. 

Supervision  and  contingencies,  10%. 


72 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


' 

1 

1 

s 

g 

^ 

1 

PC 

T: 

• 

a 

I 

a 

2 

c 

CL 

< 

g 

SUBWAY  AND  OVERHEAD   CROSSINGS. 


73 


Subway  and  Overhead  Crossings. 

The  natural  location  very  often  decides  whether  the  crossing 
will  be  over  or  under  the  tracks.  In  towns  and  cities  in  many  cases 
the  railroads  are  compelled  to  raise  their  tracks  and  provide  sub- 
ways for  city  traffic  to  the  detriment  of  railroad  traffic. 

When  team,  street  car,  and  foot  traffic  is  very  heavy  and  dense 
this  may  be  necessary;  when  car  and  team  traffic,  however,  is  light, 
and  foot  traffic  considerable,  an  overhead  crossing  is  generally 
adopted,  as  the  cost  is  a  great  deal  less. 

Approximate  cost.  —  The  approximate  cost  of  overhead  crossings 
for  team  and  foot  traffic  only  (Fig.  32),  varies  from  $1.25  to  $2.00 
per  square  foot  of  area  covered. 

For  overhead  crossings  for  teams,  street  car  service,  and  foot 
traffic,  the  cost  varies  from  $2.00  to  $3.00  per  square  foot  of  area 
covered.  (Fig.  33.) 


Fig.  33.     Cross-Section  Overhead  Bridge. 


For  subways,  steel  girders,  and  reinforced  concrete  (Fig.  34), 
the  cost  varies  from  $5.00  to  $8.00  per  square  foot  of  area  covered, 
including  approaches. 


74 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


SUBWAY   AND  OVERHEAD   CROSSINGS.  75 


CONSTKUCTION.     (Fig.  32.) 

Overhead  Crossings.  —  Retaining  walls  and  piers  concrete  to 
five  feet  below  finished  ground  level,  portion  over  tracks  between 
opposite  retaining  walls,  steel  viaduct  with  roadway  supported  on 
steel  and  wood  joists,  covered  with  plank  and  wood  block  paving, 
with  sidewalk  carried  on  iron  brackets. 

The  space  inclosed  by  the  retaining  walls  is  filled  in  and  finished 
with  macadam  roadway  on  top,  and  the  sidewalk  continued  on  one 
side  carried  on  cedar  sills,  with  a  handrail  on  either  side. 

Subways.  (Fig.  34.)  —  Abutments  and  piers  reinforced  con- 
crete to  five  feet  below  finished  subway  grade,  tracks  carried 
overhead  by  steel  girders  and  frames  incased  in  concrete  with 
reinforced  concrete  slab  floor,  carrying  the  ballast  and  track. 

APPROXIMATE    ESTIMATE    OF    OVERHEAD    ROAD    CROSSING.  (Fig.  32.) 

(40  feet  wide  X  1100  feet  long.) 
Excavation  used  for  filling  — 

Concrete  walls  and  piers,  3700  cubic  yards  at  $7 $25,900.00 

Steel  erected,  425,000  pounds  at  Sets 21,250.00 

Railing,  1500  lineal  feet  at  75  cts 1,125.00 

Sidewalk,  800  lineal  feet  at  $2 1,600.00 

Flooring,  60,000  feet  B.  M.  at  $40 2,400.00 

Wood  block  paving,  1500  square  yards  at  $3.50 5, 250 . 00 

Macadam  on  approaches,  1800  cubic  yards  at  50  cts 900.00 

Earth  fill,  7400  cubic  yards  at  50  cts 3,700.00 

$62,025.00 

Supervision  and  contingencies,  10% 6,275.00 

Total $68,300.00 

or  $1.55  per  square  foot  of  area  covered. 


76  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Guards. 

Bridge  and  Trestle  Guards.  —  For  through  and  deck  bridges, 
including  trestles,  it  is  customary  to  make  provision  by  guards  for 
the  protection  of  trains  in  case  of  derailment,  on  and  approaching 
the  structure  to  prevent  a  wreck. 

Wood  Guards.  —  The  ordinary  wood  guard  consists  of  an 
8"  X  10"  timber,  placed  on  each  side  of  the  structure  about  6  feet 
from  center  of  track,  with  a  5"  X  8"  inner  guard,  placed  about 
3  feet  6  inches  from  the  center  of  track  on  each  side;  these  timbers 
are  dapped  down  and  bolted  to  the  floor  system,  the  inner  guard 
being  flared  out  at  each  end  for  about  30  feet,  to  meet  the  outer 
guard  after  passing  off  the  bridge. 

The  cost  of  the  wood  guard  is  usually  included  in  the  floor  system 
of  the  structure. 

Jordan  Guard.  —  The  Jordan  guard  is  made  by  placing  two  or 
three  lines  of  light  rails  inside  the  track  rails,  equally  spaced  and 
parallel  with  them;  at  each  end  of  the  structure  the  rails  nearest  the 
track  are  sometimes  curved  to  meet  at  a  point  in  the  center  of  the 
track,  a  distance  of  20  feet  or  thereabouts,  or  the  head  portions  of 
the  rails  are  flared  off  at  the  ends  and  a  metal  plate  used,  fastened 
to  the  ties. 

The  rails  are  carried  over  the  entire  structure,  and  sometimes  for 
a  distance  of  50  to  100  feet  beyond  the  ballast  walls. 

The  cost  of  the  Jordan  guard,  using  three  old  rails,  at  $20.00  per 
ton,  is  approximately  75  cents  to  $1.00  per  lineal  foot. 


RETAINING  WALLS. 


77 


TABLE  37. 


Fig.  35. 


78 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Retaining  Walls. 

Description.  —  Retaining  walls  are  built  to  sustain  earth,  sand 
or  other  filling  deposited  behind  it,  after  it  is  erected. 

Fig.  35  illustrates  a  retaining  wall,  which  has  been  used  by  the 
C.  P.  R.,  in  rock-faced  masonry  construction,  and  the  quantities 
given  are  conveniently  tabulated  for  estimating  purposes,  Table  37. 


Curb 

I 


Grade 


At  points  where  receiving  basins  are  %*,  / 
located  the  bock  of  wall  will  be  built  J  A 
as  shown  by  broken  lines .  -  .--* — *  J 


Street 


Fig.  36. 
N.  Y. 


Retaining  Wall, 
C.  &  H.  R.  R. 


Fig.  37.     Retaining  Wall,  Harlem 
River  Speedway. 


Fig.  36  illustrates  the  Standard  retaining  wall  section,  18  feet 
high,  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad,  built  in  good 
soil,  with  first  class  quality  rock-faced  ashlar,  set  in  cement. 

Fig.  37  illustrates  a  retaining  wall  designed  for  the  Harlem  River 
Speedway,  New  York,  as  illustrated  in  the  Engineering  Record, 
Oct.  6,  1894. 


RETAINING  WALLS. 


79 


Construction.  —  Masonry  for  bridge  and  retaining  walls  is 
usually  rock-faced,  with  edges  pitched  true  to  line  and  exact 
batter,  and  finished  with  dimension  stone  coping  on  top.  The 
courses  should  not  be  less  than  14  inches,  or  more  than  30  inches 
thick,  diminishing  regularly  from  bottom  to  top.  Mortar  beds  not 
over  one-half  inch  thick  when  laid,  face  joints  squared-  at  least 
12  inches  deep.  The  walls  must  be  well  bonded  throughout  with 
headers  at  least  4  feet  long,  occupying  one-fifth  face  of  wall,  with 
stretchers  not  less  than  4  feet  long,  having  at  least  one  and  one- 
quarter  times  as  much  bed  as  thickness  of  course. 


Fig.  38.    Retaining  Wall,  C.  B.  &  Q.  Ry. 

Where  wall  is  less  than  3  feet,  the  face  stone  should  pass  entirely 
through. 

Backing,  large  stone,  roughly  bedded  and  neatly  jointed,  joints 
not  to  exceed  1  inch.  At  least  one-half  of  the  stone  to  be  of  the 
same  size  as  face  stone,  with  parallel  ends. 

Frost  batters  to  be  built  without  projecting  stones,  sloped  and 
finished  smooth  with  a  coat  of  neat  cement. 

Weep  holes  for  drainage  to  be  provided;  in  place  of  holes  2-inch 
iron  pipe  may  be  used. 


80  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

Cost.  —  The  cost  of  rock-faced  ashlar  retaining  walls  varies 
considerably,  depending  on  the  location  and  proximity  to  quarries, 
and  ranges  from  $8.00  to  $25.00  per  cubic  yard  in  place. 

Excavation  ordinary  per  cubic  yard 25  to  50  cents. 

Excavation  hard  with  boulders 50  to  75  cents. 

Excavation  rock  benching $2.00  to  $3.50. 

Fig.  38  illustrates  a  cross  section  of  a  typical  reinforced  concrete 
retaining  wall  20  feet  high,  C.  B.  &  Q.  Ry.,  in  connection  with  the 
work  of  elevating  its  tracks  at  Chicago. 


CRIBS. 


81 


Cribs. 

Crib  Work.  —  For  cheap  first  cost  or  temporary  construction 
across  or  alongside  water  fronts  or  embankments,  or  for  abut- 
ments, piers,  dams,  retaining  walls,  wharves,  etc.,  wooden  cribs 
are  used  extensively.  Figs.  39,  40,  and  40a. 

5  '.•    "•'. 

CRIB  ABUTMENTS  AND  PIERS 


|< \2  to  16  ft.  oentree 

12  to  10  ft.  centres >\ 


Must  not  be 

less  than  0" 


f 


Fig.  39. 


The  bottoms  of  the  cribs  are  constructed  to  suit  the  irregu- 
larities or  unevenness  of  the  ground,  any  deposit  or  obstruction 
in  the  bottom  being  removed  so  that  a  section  when  sunk  in 
place  will  take  an  even  bearing  throughout;  when  filled  with 
ballast  the  top  of  the  crib  should  be  reasonably  straight  and  in 
good  alignment.  Sometimes  the  portion  under  low  water  level 
is  built  of  several  cribs,  piles  being  driven  on  the  outer  line 
of  the  work  against  which  the  cribs  may  be  floated  and  sunk, 
the  guide  piles  being  cut  off  below  low  water  after  the  work  is 
completed. 

Construction.  —  The  timbers  are  usually  cedar  under  water 
and  tamarac  above  with  bark  removed;  the  outer  timbers  are 
hewn  or  sawn  perfectly  true  and  parallel  on  two  opposite  sides 
to  a  face  of  at  least  9  inches,  and  from  10  to  12  inches  thick,  the 
joints  made  as  close  as  possible  without  dressing  and  so  laid  as 
to  break  joint;  all  cross  ties  are  dovetailed;  notches  are  cut  in 


82 


RAILWAY  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


the  face  timbers  to  receive  the  dovetails,  one-half  into  the  course 
above  and  one-half  into  the  course  below;  timbers  at  the  angles 
are  halved  and  carefully  dovetailed.  All  timbers  held  by  drift 
bolts  £  inch  in  diameter,  equal  to  a  depth  of  not  less  than 
3J  courses;  sometimes  tree  nails  of  oak  or  rock-elm  are  used  in 
place  of  drifts. 


The  cross  and  longitudinal  ties  may  be  round  logs  long  enough 
to  pass  completely  through  the  crib  from  side  to  side;  when  they 
intersect  they  are  boxed  down  on  each  other  and  bolted. 

A  close  floor  of  cedar  spars,  not  less  than  8  inches  in  diam'eter, 
is  laid  on  the  first  tier  of  cross  ties  to  hold  the  ballast,  or  stone 
filling;  sometimes  the  floor  is  laid  solid  crosswise  of  the  crib  and 
resting  on  bottom  longitudinal  face  courses. 


APPROXIMATE  COST  OF  CRIBBING  IN  PLACE. 

Squared  timbers  per  thousand  feet  board  measure $30.00  to  $50.00 

Round  cedar  timbers  per  foot 12  to  .20 

Iron  in  crib  per  pound 04  to  .06 

Filling  (stone  or  ballast)  per  cubic  yard 25  to  1 . 50 

Leveling  off  and  clearing  (dry)  per  cubic  yard 20  to  .30 

Leveling  off  and  clearing  (wet) 50  to      1 . 00 


CRIBS. 


83 


Crib  Abutments.  (Fig.  40a.)  —  For  permanent  structures  on 
high  fill  embankments  timber  crib  abutments  are  sometimes 
placed,  when  the  cost  of  masonry  to  solid  ground  would  be 
excessive  and  out  of  proportion  to  the  balance  of  the  structure. 
After  a  number  of  years,  when  the  bank  is  solidified,  the  crib 
may  be  removed  and  a  masonry  abutment  placed  in  the  usual 
way. 

Base  of  Ball 


Fig.  40a. 


These  piles  only  at 
3-ft.Cfs. 


APPROXIMATE    COST    OP    ONE    CRIB   ABUTMENT. 

5000  feet  board  measure  timber  at  $30 $150.00 

16  piles  30  feet  long  each  =  480  feet  at  20  cts 96.00 

500  pounds  iron  in  above  at  5  cts 25 . 00 

Backfilling,  etc 29.00 


Total          $300 . 00 


84  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Tunnels. 

Any  tunnel  work  will  usually  require  a  special  survey  and  care- 
ful investigation  before  being  undertaken. 

They  are  generally  built  straight,  and  are  usually  dug  from 
each  end. 

The  construction  depends  on  the  nature  of  the  material;  in 
very  soft  ground  a  circular  cross  section  is  used  or  an  inverted 
arch  along  the  bottom  with  tapering  sides  and  a  semi-circle  along 
the  top. 

The  general  construction  is  usually  a  rectangle  with  a  semi- 
circle or  semi-ellipse  top,  lined  on  the  inside  and  graded  through- 
out its  length  so  as  to  drain  with  open  gutters  on  the  sides. 

When  wood  lining  is  used  it  is  made  extra  wide  so  as  to  allow  for 
a  permanent  lining  at  a  future  date. 

Any  crevices  made  by  the  material  falling  outside  of  the  con- 
struction line  are  filled  with  dry  broken  stone,  rock,  or  split  cord 
wood. 

When  intermediate  shafts  are  built  they  are  generally  closed 
up  when  the  tunnel  is  complete,  as. they  tend  to  produce  cross 
currents  of  air,  which  retard  ventilation.  The  movement  of 
the  train  through  the  tunnel  is  said  to  be  the  best  ventilator. 
In  long  tunnels  power-driven  fans  are  sometimes  used. 

The  ordinary  wood  or  rock  tunnel  sections  in  common  use  are 
shown  on  Figs.  41  and  42,  and  their  average  cost  is  about  as 
follows : 

Fig.  41,  Post  section  with  lagging: 

Excavating  18  cubic  yards  per  lineal  foot. 

Timber,  450  feet  B.  M.  per  lineal  foot. 

Cost  per  lineal  foot  $45  to  $55  without  track  or  ballast. 

Post  section  without  lagging: 

Excavating  18  cubic  yards  per  lineal  foot. 

Timber  350  feet  B.  M.  per  lineal  foot. 

Cost  per  lineal  foot  $35  to  $45  without  track  or  ballast. 

Fig.  42,  Rock  section: 

Excavating  14  cubic  yards  per  lineal  foot. 

Cost  per  lineal  foot,  $50  to  $65  without  track  or  ballast. 


TUNNELS. 


85 


Portals.  —  The  end  portals  for  the  tunnel  consist  of  12"X12" 
posts  spaced  2-foot  centers  for  a  distance  of  8  feet  from  the  ends, 
with  12"  XI 2"  timbers  built  over  and  across  the  end  posts,  to 
form  retaining  wall  on  top;  the  end  walls  are  also  braced  with 


Split  Cordwood 


Figs.  41  and  42.     Tunnels. 


12"X12"  timbers  forming  wing  walls  running  parallel  with  the 
track  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees  at  one-third  and  two-thirds  the 
height  with  lining  behind  if  necessary  to  take  the  end  slope  of 
the  hill;  the  brace  posts  are  secured  at  the  bottom  by  extending 
the  main  sill. 

The  timber  in  the  portal  as  described  above  would  be  3000  feet 
B.  M.  per  foot  for  the  last  8  feet  of  the  tunnel  at  either  end.     The 


86 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


length  of  extra  timbering  and  wing  walls  to  form  portals  will 
vary  to  suit  each  individual  case,  8  feet  being  the  minimum. 

TABLE   38.  —  COST   FIGURES    FROM   DRINKER'S   "  TUNNELING." 


Material. 

Cost  per  cubic  yard. 

Cost  per  lineal  foot. 

Excavation. 

Masonry. 

Single. 

Double. 

Single. 

Double. 

Single. 

Double. 

Hard  rock  

$5.89 
3.12 
3.62 

$5.45 
3.48 
4.64 

$8.25 
9.07 
10.50 

$12.00 
10.41 
15.00 

$69.76 
80.61 
135.31 

$142.82 
119.26 
174.42 

Soft  ground  

BUILDINGS. 


87 


CHAPTER  V. 
BUILDINGS. 
Tool  Houses. 

IN  the  maintenance  of  track  the  road  is  divided  into  sections 
ranging  from  4  to  8  miles  or  thereabout,  each  section  being  looked 
after  by  a  gang  of  men  under  a  foreman  who  is  responsible  for  its 
safety  to  the  roadmaster.  A  tool  house  to  hold  the  hand  car 
and  tools  is  usually  provided  for  each  section,  and  is  generally 
located  on  the  right  of  way  close  to  a  public  road,  or  near  a 
station,  and  within  easy  reach  of  the  section  foreman's  house; 
it  is  set  back  far  enough  so  that  the  hand  car  can  be  pulled  out 
to  stand  clear  of  the  tool-house  door  when  open,  and  passing 
trains,  placed  when  possible  alongside  the  main  track  clear  of 
switches. 


Single  Tool  House. 


Fig.  43. 


Plan  Single  House. 


The  minimum  distance  should  not  be  less  than  9  feet  from  the 
nearest  rail. 

Approximate  Cost. 

Fig.  43,  single,  10  feet  wide,  12  feet  long  and  7  feet  high,  erected 
complete,  $65  to  $90  each. 


88 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Double  Tool  House. 


,       I 

3 

2*  Plank 

i 

3 

j  —  u 

M 
I 

/4"x6" 

3 

I 
I 
I 

% 

41 

«---4'8>f-^ 

1  

_l                          1  
—24.'  

U 

Plan  Double  House. 
Fig.  44. 

Fig.  44,  double,  10  feet  wide,  24  feet  long  and  7  feet  high, 
erected  complete,  $125  to  $170  each. 

Construction.  —  Plank  or  cedar  sill  foundation  for  flat  ground, 
and  cedar  posts  6-inch  diameter  about  5-foot  centers,  or  old 
bridge  stringers,  when  on  sloping  ground. 

Sill  4"X4"  all  round  the  outer  walls,  joists  4"X6"  at  2-foot 
centers,  covered  with  2-inch  plank. 

2-inch  by  4-inch  studs,  2-foot  centers  doubled  at  door  open- 
ings and  all  corners,  4"X4"  wall  plates  7  feet  high  from  floor, 
outside  boarded  with  f-inch  rough  plank  finished  with  seven- 
eighths  ship  lap  or  drop  siding  with  1"X5"  planed,  top,  bottom 
and  corner  boards. 


TOOL  HOUSES. 


89 


Rafters,  2-inch  by  4-inch,  2-foot  centers,  one-third  pitch  roof 
covered  with  J-inch  rough  boards  and  shingles  with  building 
paper  between,  gable  ends. 

A  small  window  is  provided  at  each  end,  a  double  door  facing 
the  track,  opening  outwards,  about  7  feet  wide,  with  stringers 
and  light  platform  from  the  house  to  the  track,  for  convenience 
in  taking  the  hand  car  out  and  in.  The  door  is  provided  with 
chain  staple  and  switch  padlock. 

Double  Tool  House.  —  A  double  tool  house  is  usually  two 
single  tool  houses  under  one  roof,  built  when  a  single  house  is 
considered  too  small,  or  when  circumstances  make  it  convenient 
to  have  two- gangs  at  one  point. 

Approximate  estimates  of  cost. 

SINGLE    TOOL    HOUSE. 


Quantities. 

Material. 

Labor. 

Total  Unit. 

Cost. 

2000  ft.  B.  M.  lumber  per  thou- 
sand ft.  B.  M  
2000  shingles  per  thousand 

$17.00 
2  00 

$13.00 
2  00 

$30.00 
4  00 

$60.00 
8  00 

Hardware  and  glass 

3  00 

2  00 

5  00 

Painting                      

5  00 

7  00 

12  00 

Total     

$85  .  00 

DOUBLE    TOOL    HOUSE. 


Quantities. 

Material. 

Labor. 

Total  unit. 

Cost. 

3500  ft.  B.  M.  lumber  per  thou- 
sand ft.  B.  M    

$17.00 

$13.00 

$30  .  00 

$105.00 

4000  shingles  per  thousand  
Hardware  and  glass   

2.00 
6  00 

2.00 
4  00 

4.00 

16.00 
10  00 

Painting  

9.00 

12.00 

21  00 

Total 

$152  00 

STANDARD    SIZES    OF 

Pennsylvania 16ft. 

Pennsylvania 16ft. 

Pennsylvania 12  ft. 

Cincinnati  Southern  12  ft. 

Union  Pacific 10  ft. 

Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe 12  ft. 

*  Double. 


TOOL    HOUSES    ON    VARIOUS    RAILROADS, 
by  30  ft.       Philadelphia  and 

by  20  ft.          Reading 10  ft.  by  13  ft. 

by  14  ft.       Canadian  Pacific  and 

Northern  Pacific     10  ft.  by  24  ft.* 
Canadian  Pacific  and 

Northern  Pacific     10  ft.  by  12  ft.f 
Lehigh  Valley 16  ft.  by  20  ft. 

t  Single. 


by  16  ft. 
by  14  ft. 

by  16  ft. 


90 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Tool  Equipment. 

Tools  to  supply  every  man  in  the  gang  and  several  extra  for 
repair  purposes  are  required,  for  each  section. 

The  kind  of  tools  used  vary  according  to  the  ballast  and  other 
conditions,  and  the  following  is  an  average  list  of  the  minimum 
equipment  for  section  gang  of  foreman  and  three  men: 


Adzes 2 

Axes 1 

Bars,  claw 2 

Bars,  crow 2 

Bars,  lining ., . . .  2 

Bars,  tamping  2 

Boards,  elevation 1 

Brooms 1 

Cars,  hand 1 

Cars,  push 1 

Chisel  rail 5 

Cup,  tin 1 

Flags,  red 2 

Flags,  yellow 2 

Grindstone. . . 1 

Gauge,  track 1 

Globes,  red 2 

Globes,  white 2 

Globes,  yellow 2 

Hammers,  maul 2 

Hammers,  nail 1 

Hammers,  sledge 1 

Handles,  adze *. .  1 

Handles,  axe 1 

Handles,  maul 2 

Approximate  cost. 

1  car,  hand 

1  car,  push 

1  car,  dump  platform 

1  rail  blender  

1  rail  drill 

Balance  as  per  list  


Handles,  pick 

Jack  track 

Lanterns 

Levels,  spirit  pocket 

Levels,  track  

Oil  can 

Oiler 

Oil  (signal),  pints 

Padlock,  key,  and  chain . 

Pail,  water 

Picks  and  handles  .  . 


Platform  dumping  for  push  cars 

Ratchet  and  3  drills 

Rail  tongs 

Saws,  hand 

Saws,  cross  cut 

Scythe,  complete,  grass  or  brush 

Shovels,  track 

Switch  key 

Tape,  50  feet 

Template,  standard  roadbed  .... 

Torpedoes 12 

Wrenches,  monkey 1 

Wrenches,  track 3 


$40. 

30. 

21. 

27. 

25. 
182. 


Total $325. 


WATCHMAN'S  SHELTER. 


91 


Watchman's  Shelter. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  watchman  to  operate  gates  or 
look  after  crossings,  a  wood  shelter  or  shanty  is  usually  provided 
for  the  convenience  of  the  flagman,  usually  located  at  one  side 
of  the  crossing,  on  the  right  of  way,  set  well  back  so  as  not  to 
obscure  the  view  from  approaching  trains. 

Approximate  Cost.  —  Five  feet  wide,  7  feet  long,  and  7  feet 
high  from  floor  to  wall  plate  (flatted  cedar  sill  foundation), 
$65  to  $75. 

Construction.  —  Six-inch  flatted  cedar  sill  foundation,  at  2-foot 
6-inch  centers. 

Two-inch  by  4-inch  joists  1-foot  9-inch  centers  with  J-inch  T.  and 
G.  rough  board  and  f-inch  finished  floor  with  tar  paper  between. 

Two-inch  by  4-inch  studs,  1-foot  9-inch  centers  doubled  at  cor- 
ners with  4"X4"  top  and  bottom  plates,  covered  with  f-inch 
T.  and  G.  boards  and  |-inch  ship  lap  ;or  drop  siding  with 
paper  between,  on  the  outside,  and  sheathed  inside  with  f-inch 
material. 

Roof  one-third  pitch,  gable  ends,  2"X4"  rafters  1-foot  9-inch 
centers  with  1"X4"  ties  and  wall  plates,  covered  with  two 
layers  f-inch  boards  with  paper  between  and  shingles  on  top. 

One  window  in  each  end  and  one  side,  and  door  with  sash  at 
other  side,  locker,  seat  and  small  coal  bin  including  6-inch  cast- 
iron  smoke  jack. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost. 


Quantities. 

Material. 

Labor. 

Total  unit. 

Cost. 

1000  ft.  B.  M.  timber  per  thou- 
sand ft  B   M     

$18.00 

$17.00 

$35.00 

$35.00 

Hardware                                   •  • 

4  00 

2  00 

6  00 

Glazing  and  painting.       

4.00 

6.00 

10.00 

800  shingles  per  thousand  

2.00 

2.00 

4.00 

3.20 

One  6-in.  C.  I.  smoke  jack  and 
flashing 

3  80 

2.00 

5.80 

Coal  bin  seat  and  locker 

3  50 

1  50 

5  00 

Total  

$65.00 

92 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Section  Houses. 

Section  houses  are  built  along  the  right  of  way  principally  for 
the  convenience  of  having  the  trackmen  live  close  at  hand  to 
readily  respond  for  emergency  service  at  any  time.  The  houses  are 
usually  framed  structures,  and  are  built  single  or  double;  the 
double  houses  are  convenient  at  points  where  it  is  necessary  to 
keep  two  gangs. 

Single  Section  House  (Fig.  45): 

Approximate  cost  complete. 

Cedar  sill  foundation $750.  to  $  950. 

Masonry  foundation  and  cellar 900.  to    1200. 

Double  Section  House  (Fig.  46) : 
Approximate  cost  complete. 

Cedar  sill  foundation $1400.  to  $1750. 

Masonry  foundation  and  cellars 1700.  to    2200. 


Kitchen 


L 


Dining 
Room 
9'*ll' 


Living  Room 
18'*  13' 


FIRST  FLOOR 


FRONT  ELEVATION 

Fig.  45.     Single  Section  House. 


Construction.  —  Frame  and  partitions,  spruce;  rough  boarding, 
floors,  clapboards,  outside  and  inside  finish,  frames,  etc.,  good 
quality  native  spruce  or  pine;  shingles,  pine  or  cedar;  all  mouldings, 
doors,  windows,  and  inside  finish,  stock  pattern. 

Cedar  sills  or  posts  about  5-foot  centers,  or  when  it  can  be  done 
cheaply,  concrete,  stone,  or  brick  foundation  with  cellar.  Frame, 
2"  X  3"  studs  at  16-inch  centers,  2"  X  10"  joists  at  16-inch  centers, 
ceiling  roof  joists  and  rafters  2"  X  6"  at  16-inch  centers,  4"  X  3" 
wall  plates  and  runners,  outside  walls  J-inch  rough  boarding,  with 


SECTION  HOUSES. 


93 


f-inch  ship  lap,  siding,  or  shingles,  with  building  paper  between, 
and  1"  X  5"  trim  around  windows,  doors,  porch,  eaves,  etc.  All 
inside  walls  lathed  and  plastered.  Shingle  roof,  |-inch  boards 
with  building  paper  between.  Floors  f-inch  rough  boards  and 
f-inch  finished  floor  with  building  paper  between  for  ground  floor, 
and  f-inch  finished  floor  only  for  upper  story. 


I 

_J 

Kitchen  1    Dining 
9x11    _    Room 

I"" 

1 

=3      Living  Room 

—  —  ii                   /         . 

==          18x13 

FIRST  FLOOR 


SECOND  FLOOR 


FRONT  ELEVATION 

Fig.  46.    Double  Section  House. 
Approximate  estimates  of  cost. 


Quantities. 

Single  house. 

Double  house. 

Excavation  and  wood  foundation.  .  . 
Brick  

$20.00 
35  00 

$  35.00 
70  00 

Hardware  

20  00 

35  00 

Carpentry  

518  00 

953  00 

Lath  and  plaster     

82.00 

167.00 

Shingles  .  .  . 

25  00 

45  00 

Painting  and  glazing  

50.00 

95.00 

If  masonry  foundation  add 

$750.00 
150  00 

$1400.00 
300  00 

Total 

$900.00 

$1700.00 

94 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Privies. 

Where  there  is  no  drainage  or  water  system,  privies  are  some- 
times built  at  wayside  stations  for  public  or  employees'  use, 
usually  two  compartments  5  feet  wide  and  7  feet  long,  with  pit  and 
vent. 

Wood  structure,  located  generally  in  close  proximity  and  to  one 
side  of  the  station  in  some  place  where  it  will  not  be  too  conspic- 
uous; a  lattice  screen  is  usually  placed  in  front. 

Approximate  cost.  (Fig.  47.)  —  Double  compartment  7  feet  deep, 
10  feet  long,  about  8  feet  high  from  floor  to  wall  plate. 

(Wood  sill  foundation) $95  to  $125 

Construction.  —  Flatted  cedar  sill  foundation,  floor  joists 
2"  X  4"  about  2-foot  centers,  with  1-inch  floor  boards;  frame  2"  X  3" 
studs  about  2-foot  centers,  doubled  at  corners  with  2"  X  3"  sill 
plates,  and  4"  X  3"  roof  plates,  covered  with  two  layers  J-inch 
boards.  Roof  J  pitch  gable  ends,  2"  X  3"  rafters,  about  2-foot 
centers,  covered  with  J-inch  boards  and  shingles  on  top. 

Pit,  2-inch  plank  box  about  center  of  house,  projecting  2  feet 
6  inches  from  side  of  house,  extending  5  feet  in  length,  5  feet  in 
width,  and  5  feet  deep,  with  lid  on  top,  and  8-inch  square  vent 
from  pit  to  roof,  with  louvre  top. 

Screen,  2"  X  4"  posts,  1"  X  10"  top  and  bottom  plate,  f "  X  1}" 
cross  laths. 

One  small  light  at  each  gable,  one  door  to  each  compartment, 
also  closet  seat  2  feet  wide,  1  foot  6  inches  high,  made  of  IJ-inch 
material. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost.  4- 


Quantities. 

Material. 

Labor. 

Total  unit. 

Cost. 

2000  ft.  B.  M., 
2000  shingles, 
Hardware 

per  thousand  .... 
per  thousand  .... 

$18.00 
2.00 
6.00 
4.00 
3.00 

$17.00 
2.00 
4.00 
6.00 
2.00 

$35.00 
4.00 

$70.00 
8.00 
10.00 
10.00 
5.00 

Paint 

Vent  

Total  .  . 

$103.00 

PRIVIES. 


95 


c 


cn 
cm 


JtJ 


55 

bb 


96 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Shelters. 

Shelters  are  erected  at  suburban  points  where  passenger  traffic 
is  light. 

Approximate  Cost. 

Fig.  48  complete  with  platform $125  to  $200. 

Fig.  49  complete  with  platform 350  to    450. 

Construction.  —  Foundation  cedar  sills,  frame  2"  X  3"  studs, 
2-foot  centers,  4"  X  3"  wall  plates,  2"  X  3"  ceiling  and  roof  joists, 
2"  X  6"  floor  joists  at  2-foot  centers,  covered  with  1-inch  rough 


Seat 


Shelter 
12'x  12' 


Platform  50  ft.  Ig.      «f 


Fig.  48.     Shelter  Station. 

T.  and  G.  boards,  and  £-inch  finished  floor  on  top,  with  tar  paper 
between,  outer  frame  covered  with  f-inch  rough  T.  and  G.  boards, 
including  roof,  finished  with  drop  siding  and  shingles,  with  tar 
paper  between.  Inside  walls  and  ceiling  sheathed  with  J-inch 
matched  boards.  All  woodwork  stained  outside  and  inside. 


OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY 


OF 


SHELTERS. 


97 


Platform  5  inches  above  rail,  made  of  3-inch  plank  on  cedar 
sleepers,  7-foot  centers. 

Extension  roof  6"  X  6"  posts,  4"  X  4"  brackets,  6"  X  6"  runners, 
rafters  and  roof  finished  similar  to  shelter. 


Siding 


« — Jfi » •— 


Seat 


-i 


Seat 


Shelter 
lO'xlS' 


Platform  60  ft.  Ig.        o 


Fig.  49.     Shelter  Station. 

Platform  Shelter. — Approximate  cost  per  running  foot  $8  to  $12. 

Umbrella  type  of  platform  shelter  16  feet  wide,  with  main  posts 
14-foot  centers,  ridge  plate  12"  X  2",  rafters  and  ties  3"  X  6"  with 
4"  X  3"  supports,  and  4"  X  6"  run  beams,  roof  covered  with 
l|-inch  matched  boarding,  and  galvanized  iron,  ready  roofing  or 
shingles  on  top;  the  main  posts  are  supported  on  round,  flatted 
cedar  sills  about  6  feet  below  the  platform,  braced  both  sides,  and 
held  laterally  by  the  platform  joists.  The  platform  is  made  of 
3-inch  plank  on  top  of  11"  X  3"  joists  on  split  cedar  sills  at  about 
7-foot  centers. 


98 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Stations. 

The  following  frame  stations  range  in  price  from  $1000  to 
$3500,  which  is  about  the  average  run  of  ordinary  way  stations. 
They  are  not  submitted  as  ideal  schemes,  but  simply  ^as  sug- 
gestions as  to  size  and  cost  in  a  general  way,  that  may  be  varied 
as  desired. 


Baggage 
or  Express 
10'x  10'x  6| 

Waiting 
Boom 

I0'x20' 

Office 

10  W  n 

1 

rr^ 

Fig.  50. 

Fig.  50,  station  with  waiting  room  10  X  20  feet,  office  10  X  10 
feet,  and  baggage  or  express  room  10  X  10J  feet.  Height  from 
floor  to  ceiling  9£  feet. 

Approximate  cost  with  platform  complete: 

Cedar  posts  or  mud  sill  foundation $1000  to  $1300 

Masonry  foundation  with  cellar 1250  to    1500 


STATIONS.  99 

Figs.  50  and  51,  station  similar  to  the  above,  with  agent's 
dwelling  over. 

Approximate  cost  with  platform  complete: 

Cedar  post  or  mud  sill  foundation $1500  to  $1700 

Masonry  foundation  with  cellar 1800  to    2000 

Fig.  52,  station  similar  to  Fig.  50,  with  a  freight  room  added. 

Approximate  cost  with  platform  complete: 

Cedar  post  or  mud  sill  foundation $1400  to  $1700 

Masonry  foundation  with  cellar 1650  to    1800 

Fig.  53,  station  with  waiting  room  16  X  16  feet,  ladies'  waiting 
room,  10  X  20  feet,  office  12  X  10  feet,  baggage  and  express 
16  X  16  feet,  with  corridor  between  general  and  ladies'  waiting 
room,  and  lavatory  accommodation  in  the  rear. 

Approximate  cost  with  platform  complete: 

Cedar  post  or  mud  sill  foundation $2000  to  $2500 

Masonry  foundation  with  cellar 2400  to    2600 

Fig.  54,  station  with  waiting  room  16  X  16  feet,  ladies'  room 
10  X  10  feet,  office  10  X  13  feet,  baggage  or  freight  16  X  16  feet, 
with  kitchen  and  living  rooms  in  the  rear  and  four  bedrooms 
above. 

Approximate  cost  with  platform  complete: 

Cedar  post  or  mud  sill  foundation $2500  to  $2800 

Masonry  foundation  with  cellar 3000  to    3500 

Construction.  —  Cedar  sills,  post  or  masonry  foundation, 
brick  chimneys,  2"X4"  studs  16-inch  centers  for  outside  walls, 
and  2"X3"  studs  at  16-inch  centers  for  inside  partitions.  Ceiling 
joists  and  roof  rafters  2"X8"  at  2-foot  centers,  well  tied  and 
secured  to  wall  plates.  Outside  walls  and  roof  to  be  covered 
with  f-inch  T.  and  G.  boards  and  finished  with  ship  lap,  clap- 
boards or  shingles,  with  building  paper  between. 

All  inside  walls  and  ceilings  lath  and  plastered,  and  rooms 
finished  with  baseboard  and  picture  mould,  with  architraves, 
sills,  thresholds,  and  general  trim  for  doors,  windows,  and  other 
openings.  Waiting-room  walls  burlapped  6  feet  high,  and 


100 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  61. 


md 
Express  I   Waiting 


Office 
10'xio'' 


Freight  Room 
16'i20' 


Platform  260  ft.  long 


l|260fl. 


Fig.    52. 


STATIONS. 


101 


Fig.  53. 


ffll 


Kitchenj 

Living  R. 

lo'xio' 

Waiting  Room 

—    * 

Baggage  or 
Freight 

t    8    > 

Office    [ 

Ladies  R. 

le'xie' 

<    8   > 

lo'xio' 

1 

Platform  300  ft.  long 


54. 


102 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


freight  and  baggage  rooms  sheathed  8  feet  high.  Ground  floor 
laid  with  second  quality  maple,  or  local  hardwood  on  J-inch  T. 
and  G.  boards  with  building  paper  between,  other  floors  J-inch 
T.  and  G.  narrow  boards,  good  native  pine. 

When  cellars  are  provided  the  floor  may  be  of  cement  or 
2-inch  plank  on  3-inch  to  6-inch  flatted  cedars  at  4-foot  centers, 
embedded  in  cinders,  with  coal  bin  and  chute  in  approved  position 
so  that  coal  may  be  shoveled  from  car  at  level  of  platform  and 
run  by  gravity  to  cellar. 

Platform  3-inch  plank  on  heavy  cedar  sleepers  at  4-foot  cen- 
ters, well  bedded  in  good  gravel  or  cinders. 


Station  Furniture. 

List  and  approximate  cost  of  the  principal  articles  generally 
required  in  the  furnishing  of  an  ordinary  way  station: 


Arm  chair 

Baggage  truck  (3  wheel)  . . . 

Battery  jar 

Bracket  lamp 

Broom 

Bulletin  board 

Cash  till 

Coal  scuttle. . 


mg  press , 


$  2.50 
21.00 
.20 
1.25 
.30 
3.00 
3.50 
.35 
12.50 

Desk  for  office 12.00 

Desk  for  operator 12 . 00 

Dustpan 15 

Fire  pails 40 

Fire  extinguisher  11 .00 

Fire  shovel 25 

Flag,  green 06 

Flag,  red 06 

Flag,  white 06 

Funnel 06 

Gang  plank 2 . 50 

Hammer 40 

Hand  axe 90 

Hand  saw .35 

Ticket  case 6.00 

Lantern,  red 1.15 

Lantern,  white 60 


Mop  handle $  .10 

Oil  can,  5  gallons 1 . 35 

Oil-can,  2  gallons 40 

Oil-filler 15 

Platform  lamps 1 . 40 

Platform  scale 32 . 00 

Safe 135.00 

Scrub  brush 20 

Settees,  seats,  or  chairs ....  variable 

Window  blinds 1 . 50 

Set  planks  for  unloading 

freight 10.00 

1  stand,  zinc  lined,  for 

wringer 12.00 

1  stationary  cabinet 17.00 

1  step  ladder 1 . 20 

Stove  and  pipes 15 . 00 

Table..  '7.00 


Table  lamps 

Towel  rack 

Water  pails 

Water  cooler 

Wick  trimmer .... 

Wringer 

Pinch  bar 


.20 
1.25 

.65 
2.50 

.30 
2.80 

.95 


PLATFORMS.  103 


Platforms. 

Freight  Platforms.  —  At  points  where  the  freight  shed  is  at 
one  end  of  the  station  building,  either  as  an  extension  or  a  sepa- 
rate building  on  the  main  line,  it  is  impossible  to  unload  car-load 
freight  or  heavy  machinery.  On  this  account  it  is  sometimes 
necessary  to  erect  unloading  platforms  on  the  siding  delivery 
track,  where  machinery  or  car-load  freight  can  be  handled. 

The  platforms  vary  in  width  from  8  to  24  feet  or  more,  and 
should  not  be  less  than  a  car  length,  or  about  30  feet,  with  a 
ramp  at  one  end. 

Approximate  cost.  —  The  cost  of  such  platforms  varies  from 
25  cents  to  50  cents  per  square  foot  erected  complete. 

Grain  Loading  Platforms.  —  Grain  loading  platforms  are 
erected  where  grain  is  shipped  from  teams  to  cars.  They  are 
built  4  feet  above  rail,  with  a  grade  of  one  in  ten  on  the  up 
side,  and  one  in  six  on  the  down  side,  supported  on  posts  8  to 
12  feet  apart  longitudinally  and  about  5  to  6  feet  cross  ways, 
with  10"X10"  caps  over  and  3"XlO"  joists  covered  with  3-inch 
plank. 

A  platform  18  feet  wide,  with  ramps,  100  feet  long,  with  8  X  10 
rail  on  the  track  side  and  a  hand-rail  on  the  opposite  side,  will 
cost  approximately  $7  per  lineal  foot. 

An  earth  platform  of  the  same  dimensions  can  sometimes  be 
built  very  cheaply  by  using  old  bridge  stringers  to  retain  the 
fill  on  the  track  side,  tying  it  back  with  old  ties,  the  filling  slop- 
ing li  to  1  on  the  opposite  side. 


104  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Freight   Sheds. 

When  posts  are  not  objectionable  inside  the  house,  the  flat  roof 
construction  is  probably  the  simplest  and  cheapest  for  this  class  of 
building. 

In  long  wooden  sheds,  brick  gable  walls  are  built  at  each  end, 
and  at  intervals  of  50  to  100  feet  fire  walls  are  inserted,  the  walls 
being  carried  12  to  24  inches  above  the  roof,  capped  with  a  coping 
of  concrete,  stone,  or  tile. 

Hand  sprinklers  and  fire  hydrants  are  also  introduced  through- 
out the  house  for  fire  protection,  and  in  many  cases  the  sprinkler 
system  is  installed.  This  consists  of  a  series  of  main  and  branch 
water  pipes.  The  mains  are  carried  up  at  frequent  intervals,  and 
the  branches  are  carried  across  the  ceiling  fairly  close,  and  equipped 
with  sprinkler  heads  that  automatically  open  when  the  tempera- 
ture exceeds  a  certain  limit.  Scales  are  also  provided  to  weigh 
freight  when  desired. 

Fig.  55  illustrates  a  32  feet  wide  shed,  14  feet  high,  with  trucking 
platform  on  track  side,  posts  16-foot  centers  both  ways.  The  doors 
on  the  track  side  can  be  hung  on  a  double  trolley  track  overhead, 
so  that  they  may  slide  by  each  other,  or  on  sheaves,  with  counter- 
weights, to  slide  up  similar  to  the  ordinary  English  window.  The 
doors  on  the  road  side  may  be  16-foot  or  32-foot  centers,  the  balance 
of  the  construction  as  per  sketch. 

Approximate  cost.  —  $1.00  to  $1.40  per  square  foot  (concrete 
floor)  or  $32.00  to  $45.00  per  running  foot  (concrete  floor),  or  5  to 
7  cents  per  cubic  foot  (concrete  floor). 

Fig.  56  illustrates  a  40  feet  wide  shed,  14  feet  high,  without  plat- 
forms, with  two  inner  rows  of  posts  at  16-foot  centers  either 'way. 
The  roof  joists  towards  the  track  side  are  cantilevered  out  8  feet 
and  carry  the  doors  and  lights  over.  With  this  arrangement,  and 
the  doors  hung  on  a  double  trolley  track,  so  that  they  slide  past 
each  other,  there  are  no  posts  to  interfere  with  car  doors,  and 
truck  platforms  are  not  necessary.  The  balance  of  the  construc- 
tion is  shown  on  the  sketch. 

Approximate  cost  complete.  —  $1.20  to  $1.50  per  square  foot 
(concrete  floor),  or  $48  to  $60  per  running  foot,  or  6J  to  9  cents 
per  cubic  foot. 


FREIGHT   SHEDS. 


105 


Fig.  57  illustrates  a  52  feet  wide  freight  shed  with  platforms 
both  sides,  wood  floor  and  overhanging  roofs.  The  front  posts 
are  8"  X  10"  at  8-foot  centers,  the  inner  posts  8"  X  10"  at  16-foot 


8' Centres 


Fig.57 

Freight  Sheds. 


centers.  The  doors  on  both  sides  are  placed  32-foot  centers, 
and  are  hung  on  pulleys  and  weights  similar  to  the  English 
sash  windows,  so  as  to  slide  up.  The  balance  of  construction 
is  shown  on  the  sketch. 


106  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Approximate  cost  complete.  — 75  cents  to  $1.00  per  square  foot 
of  building,  or  $38.00  to  $52.00  per  running  foot,  or  3  cents  to 
4  cents  j>er  cubic  foot  of  building. 

Freight  sheds,  25  cents  to  50  cents  per  square  foot.  When 
covering  a  large  area  with  suitable  ground,  so  that  the  floor  rests 
on  natural  soil,  construction  6"  X  8"  posts,  16-foot  centers  across 
and  along  the  house,  the  posts  resting  on  cedar  sills. 

The  main  roof  beams  are  8"  X  10",  corbeled  over  the  posts  and 
bracketed  at  each  side,  the  rafters  2"  X  8"  at  2-foot  centers,  with 
1"  X  2"  bridging,  f-inch  roof  boards  on  top,  and  finished  with  tar 
and  gravel  or  ready  roofing.  The  posts  are  held  crosswise  by 
2"  X  4"  braces. 

The  floor  is  second  quality  hardwood  on  f-inch  rough  boards, 
with  tar  paper  between,  on  3  to  6-inch  flatted  cedar  sills  embedded 
in  the  ground. 

A  wood-built  wall  of  6-inch  cedar  posts  and  3-inch  planks  is 
made  along  the  track  sides.  The  doors  are  hung  on  a  double  trolley 
track  so  as  to  slide  past  each  other. 

Freight  shed,  50  to  75  cents  per  square  foot.  This  is  somewhat 
similar  to  above,  excepting  that  the  floor  is  raised  about  4  feet 
above  the  natural  ground. 


Paving  Freight  Shed  Teamways. 

Approximate  cost.  —  Paving,  including  filling  excavation  and 
gutters  per  square  yard,  $2.25  to  $3.25.  Concrete  curbing  1  foot 
wide  by  1  foot  6  inches  deep,  per  lineal  foot  in  place,  60  cents  to 
$1.00.  12-inch  vitrified  tile  drain  pipe  in  place,  per  lineal  foot, 
75  cents  to  $1.00. 

Grading.  —  Roadway  excavated  or  filled  or  both  to  insure  a 
good  foundation  and  to  conform  with  subgrade. 

Excavate  for  the  curbing  to  such  depths  as  may  be  required  to 
properly  set  the  same  and  insert  a  bed  of  broken  stone  3  or  4  inches 
thick  before  concreting.  Fill  to  subgrade  with  good  gravel,  thor- 
oughly pounded,  or  rolled,  and  water  if  necessary  before  rolling, 
all  soft  material  to  be  removed  before  filling,  surplus  material  to  be 
deposited  as  directed  or  removed. 

Paving.  —  Over  the  prepared  subgrade,  lay  a  bed  of  clean 
sharp  sand,  not  less  than  1J  inches  or  more  than  3  inches 


FREIGHT  HOUSES.  107 

thick,  well  watered  and  rolled  to  a  hard  surface,  to  established 
levels. 

Blocks  to  be  4J"  X  5i"  X  10"  to  15"  long  or  thereabout,  free 
from  cracks  or  defects,  laid  in  straight  lines  and  in  close  con- 
tact at  sides  and  ends,  to  break  joints  at  least  3  inches,  each  row 
tightened  from  end  to  end  before  closure  is  inserted. 

The  whole  when  laid  to  be  well  rammed  and  rolled  and  brought 
to  a  true  cross-section,  and  the  joints  filled  with  sand. 

Drainage.  —  12-inch  tile  pipe  connecting  with  manhole,  laid  to 
established  grades  with  cement  joints. 


108  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Engine  Houses. 

The  ordinary  engine  house  in  common  use  is  a  circular  building, 
Fig.  58,  divided  into  stalls,  and  is  generally  termed  the  roundhouse. 
They  are  erected  at  divisional  and  other  points  where  convenient, 
for  the  housing  of  engines  when  out  of  service,  and  are  built  of  wood, 
brick,  stone,  or  concrete. 

The  building  is  located  generally  about  the  center  of  the  yard, 
sufficiently  far  over  to  be  clear  of  possible  yard  expansion.  In 
cities  and  towns,  where  land  is  limited,  the  house  has  to  be  placed 
as  will  best  suit  local  conditions. 

The  size  of  engine  houses  varies  from  60  to  100  feet  in  depth. 
An  85-foot  house,  which  is  about  the  average,  would  have  the  fol- 
lowing dimensions,  using  a  70-foot  turntable: 

Center  of  turntable  to  front  face  of  engine  house  ....  95  ft.  2-i  in. 

Center  to  center  front  door  posts 13  ft.    7  in. 

Length  from  front  face  to  back  face  of  back  wall ...  85  ft.    0  in. 

Width  center  to  center  back  wall  pilasters 25  ft.  10  in. 

Height  of  front,  from  base  of  rail  to  roof 24  ft.    0  in. 

Height  of  back,  from  base  of  rail  to  roof 19  ft.    0  in. 

Engine  doors 12  ft.  6  in.  X  17  ft.    0  in. 

The  area  of  one  stall  as  above  is  approximately  1700  square  feet, 
and  the  cubic  capacity  about  34,000  cubic  feet. 

Approximate  cost.  —  Approximate  cost  per  stall  for  various 
designs,  dimensions  as  above: 

(1)  Frame  building:  Wood  posts,  cinder  floor,  cedar  sill  founda- 
tion, wood  roof,  $1600  to  $1800.    Average,  $1  per  square  foot,  or 
5  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

(2)  Frame  building:   Wood  posts,  cinder  floor,  masonry  founda- 
tion, wood  roof,  $2000  to  $2200.     Average,  $1.25  per  square  foot, 
or  6J  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

(3)  Brick  building:  wood  posts,  cinder  floor,  masonry  founda- 
tion, wood  roof,  $2400  to  $2600.     Average,  $1.50  per  square  foot, 
or  1\  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

(4)  Brick    building:    steel    and    concrete  posts,    cinder   floor, 
masonry  foundation,    mill    construction    roof,    $2800    to   $3000. 
Average,  $1.75  per  square  foot,  or  8£  cents  per  cubic  foot. 


ENGINE  HOUSES. 


109 


110  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

(5)  Masonry  or  concrete  building:  steel  and  concrete  posts, 
brick  floor,  cedar  sill  foundation,  concrete  -roof,  $3200  to  $3500. 
Average,  $2  per  square  foot,  or  10  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

The  wood  roof  for  the  first  three  estimates  would  consist  of 
ordinary  joists  with  double  J-inch  boarding  on  top. 

The  mill  construction  roof  would  consist  of  large  wood  beams, 
spaced  at  least  8-foot  centers  with  3-inch  plank  on  top. 

The  concrete  roof  would  consist  of  reinforced  concrete  beams 
at  least  8-foot  centers,  with  3-inch  concrete  over,  reinforced 
with  expanded  metal. 

The  above  costs  are  for  building  one  stall  complete,  and 
include  heating,  electric  wiring  and  lights,  steam,  air  and  water 
pipes,  smoke  jacks,  drainage  inside  the  house,  etc.,  as  per  detailed 
estimate  on  page  124. 

The  boilers  and  boiler  house  with  engine  and  machine  room 
are  not  included;  see  under  "  Boiler  Houses." 

Construction.  —  A  brief  description  of  the  work,  in  connection 
with  the  building  of  the  engine  houses,  on  which  the  estimates 
are  based  is  as  follows: 

Foundations.  —  Masonry  back  walls  24  inches  thick,  with  12-inch 
footing  courses  projecting  6  inches  on  each  side  of  wall  and  5  feet 
deep  from  floor  to  bottom  of  foundation. 

Piers.  —  Piers  for  inside  columns,  footing  3  feet  square,  18 
inches  thick,  with  cap  on  top  2  feet  square  by  18  inches 
thick. 

Outside  piers  for  front  columns;  footings  4  feet  square,  4  feet 
deep,  with  square  top,  1  foot  thick. 

Front  Walls.  —  Sometimes  brick,  stone  or  concrete  pilasters  or 
pillars  are  built  with  arches  over  the  door  openings.  A  steel  or 
wood  column  is  better  construction. 

For  the  house  described  12"  XI 2"  wood  posts  are  figured  for 
frame  buildings,  and  two  8-inch  channels  and  one  f-inch  plate  for 
steel  columns  for  the  others. 

Back  Walls.  —  The  back  walls  are  built  in  wood,  brick,  stone, 
or  concrete,  for  framed  building,  2"X6"  studs  at  2-foot  cen- 
ters, covered  with  two  layers  of  J-inch  boards  with  tar  paper 
between. 


ENGINE  HOUSES. 

\! 


111 


w_t  Window  and  place  double 
door  when  boiler  house  is  built 
in  rear. 


Fig.  58a.     Engine  House  Plan. 


112  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Brick  walls,  unless  specially  hard  burnt,  are  not  recommended, 
as  the  smoke  fumes  and  gases  from  the  engines  disintegrate 
soft  brick.  They  are  built  13  or  17  inches  thick.  Concrete  walls 
are  usually  14  inches  thick,  with  large  pilasters  at  the  inter- 
sections of  each  bay  to  carry  the  longitudinal  beams  supporting 
the  roof  timbers.  When  columns  are  used  in  the  wall  the  pilas- 
ters can  be  dispensed  with. 

Stone  walls  are  usually  18  to  20  inches  thick,  with  pilasters  at 
the  intersections  of  each  bay. 

Windows  with  double  lights  12'  6"X14'  6",  about,  are  built  in 
the  center  of  each  stall  in  the  back  wall,  window  sill  2  feet  6  inches 
to  3  feet  high. 

Columns. — Inside  columns  are  12"Xl2"  timbers  for  wood 
posts  and  two  6-inch  channels  with  lattice  bars  for  steel  posts, 
with  angle  iron  braces  on  each  side.  Where  steel  is  used  they  are 
encased  in  concrete. 

End  Walls.  —  End  walls  built  similar  to  back  walls,  divided 
into  three  bays  with  two  pilasters  2  feet  wide  and  4-inch  pro- 
jection to  stiffen  the  wall  laterally;  windows  are  usually  inserted 
similar  to  back  wall. 

Fire  Walls.  —  Fire  walls  are  usually  brick  or  concrete  13  or 
14  inches  thick,  with  stiffening  pilasters  similar  to  end  walls.  A 
fire  door  3'X7'  is  provided  at  one  end,  and  the  wall  is  carried 
18  to  24  inches  above  the  roof. 

Roof.  —  For  frame  buildings  12"X12"  longitudinal  beams 
over  the  columns  with  corbels  and  brackets  over  the  posts, 
2"X12"  joists  at  varying  centers  to  suit  span,  with  two  J-inch 
layers  of  timber  over,  and  tar  paper  between. 

Mill  construction.  —  Fig.  59,  for  brick,  concrete,  or  masoriry 
buildings:  The  longitudinal  beams  over  the  columns  are  of  steel 
18  inches  high,  55  pounds  per  foot,  with  brackets  over  posts.  The 
steel  posts  and  beams  are  incased  in  concrete.  The  roof  timber 
beams  vary  from  6"X12"  to  8"X16"  at  about  8-foot  centers, 
and  are  covered  on  top  with  3-inch  narrow  T.  and  G.  plank 
well  nailed  laterally  with  heavy  cut  nails  about  18  inches 
apart. 

Concrete  roofs  are  similar  to  the  above  for  the  posts  and 
longitudinal  beams.  The  roof  beams  are  about  8-foot  centers,  of 


ENGINE   HOUSES. 


113 


114  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

reinforced  concrete,  and  the  roof  covering  3  inch  thick  concrete 
with  expanded  metal. 

All  of  the  above  roofs  are  covered  with  tar  and  gravel  for 
weatherproofing. 

Engine  Pits.  —  Length  63  feet,  width  4  feet,  depth  at  back 
2  feet  4  inches,  depth  at  front  2  feet  8  inches.  Concrete  walls 
17  inches  thick  with  1  foot  6  inches  thick  footing  courses  24  inches 
wide.  The  rails  are  laid  on  6-inch  plank  3  feet  wide,  on  the  top  of 
concrete  walls,  with  cedar  sills  where  the  plank  projects  over  the 
walls.  The  6-inch  planking  is  built  out  at  both  ends  to  provide 
for  jacking,  extra  cedar  sills  at  close  intervals  being  used  for 
supporting  the  plank. 

The  floor  of  the  pit  may  be  4-inch  brick  or  concrete,  built 
convex,  with  a  4-inch  rise.  The  sump  hole  is  12  inches  wide  by 
12  inches  deep  across  the  pit  at  the  low  end,  with  grating  over 
to  provide  for  drainage. 

Drop  Pit.  —  The  drop  pit  is  usually  built  between  and  con- 
nects two  engine  pits  in  convenient  position  so  that  the  driving 
wheels  can  be  taken  off  and  lowered  and  removed.  The  pit  has  to 
be  large  enough  to  take  the  largest  drivers,  which  is  done  by 
removing  the  portion  of  rail  and  its  support  spanning  the  pit 
under  the  wheel  and  lowering  the  wheel  by  jacks.  The  use  of 
the  telescope  jack  for  this  purpose  does  not  require  the  pit  to  be 
much  deeper  than  the  ordinary  engine  pit.  In  the  estimates 
given  the  drop  pit  is  7  feet  6  inches  wide  and  5  feet  6  inches  deep, 
with  truck  rails  on  floor  of  pit  at  2  foot  9  inch  centers  on  5"X8" 
ties  at  3-foot  centers  with  18-inch  concrete  floor  under. 

Truck  Wheel  Pits.  —  The  truck  wheel  pit  is  usually  built  at 
right  angles  to  one  of  the  engine  pits  in  convenient  location  to 
remove  the  truck  wheels,  and  is  4  feet  2  inches  wide,  3  'feet 
6  inches  deep,  and  19  feet  long,  with  rails  2  foot  9  inch  centers 
supported  on  6-inch  flatted  cedar  ties,  3-foot  centers  with  12-inch 
concrete  floor  under. 

Floor.  —  Concrete,  brick,  cinder,  or  wood  is  used.  Probably 
a  cinder  floor  is  to  be  recommended  for  the  first  year  or  two,  so 
that  the  ground  may  be  compacted  before  a  brick  or  cement 
one  is  placed.  A  wood  floor  made  of  old  bridge  timbers  laid 
close  makes  an  excellent  floor  for  this  class  of  building.  A 
cinder  floor  is  figured  in  the  estimates. 


SMOKE  JACKS.  115 

Drainage.  —  Ten-inch  or  12-inch  glazed  tile  pipe  connecting 
each  pit  at  the  sump  hole  graded  to  drain  to  manhole  located 
convenient  to  suit  local  conditions  and  possible  future  extension. 

Smoke  Jacks. 

The  only  desirable  opening  in  an  engine-house  roof  is  that 
required  for  the  smoke  jack.  Skylights  rob  the  house  of  a  good 
deal  of  heat,  and  very  soon  get  blackened  up. 

Ventilators  also,  unless  operated  by  mechanical  suction  or  fan, 
are  of  little  use. 

The  smoke  emitted  from  engines,  when  mixed  with  steam,  forms 
sulphuric  acid  that  destroys  all  exposed  metal.  All  material,  there- 
fore, for  openings  of  any  kind  should  be  such  as,  will  not  readily 
be  affected  by  smoke  fumes. 

Smoke  jacks  especially  should  be  of  fire  and  smoke  proof 
material,  constructed  so  as  to  avoid  condensation  and  dripping 
down  on  engines;  in  addition  the  smoke  jack  should  form  a  good 
natural  draft  to  assist  engines  in  firing  up,  and  also  provide  for 
the  escape  of  smoke  that  very  often  fills  the  house  when  engines 
are  entering  or  leaving  the  premises.  The  latter  trouble  is  taken 
care  of  by  using  a  combination  smoke  jack  and  ventilator. 

Smoke  jacks  are  made  principally  of  wood,  cast  iron,  cast  iron 
and  aluminum,  asbestos,  tile,  and  various  other  materials,  and 
the  three  essential  parts  common  to  most  consist  of  a  hood, 
either  stationary  or  swinging,  that  covers  or  engages  the  engine 
smoke  pipe  when  in  place;  the  ventilator  portion  above  the  roof, 
either  separate  from  the  smoke  jack  or  combined  with  it;  and 
the  supporting  mechanism  attached  to  the  roof,  holding  the 
jack  in  place,  the  safety  guy  or  supporting  cables  of  which  are 
usually  aluminum  or  copper. 

The  Gutelius  patented  smoke  jack,  made  of  asbestos  and  used 
as  a  standard  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  and  other  roads, 
has  been  figured  in  the  estimates  given,  and  consists  of  a  com- 
bination smoke  jack  and  ventilator,  made  of  J  inch  thick  asbes- 
tos, set  up  with  asbestos  angles  and  put  together  with  copper  or 
brass  bolts  and  screws. 

The  ventilator  is  3  feet  6  inches  square,  14  feet  high  on  wood 
posts,  protected  by  the  asbestos  plates  on  the  outside  and 


116  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 

asbestos  angles  inside,  and  guyed  four  ways  to  the  roof  with 
heavy  wire.  A  damper  inside  is  arranged  if  desired  to  prevent 
the  heat  escaping  from  the  house  when  the  jack  is  not  in  use. 

The  smoke  hood  under  the  ventilator  is  3  feet  6  inches  wide  by 
8  feet  long,  flared  on  ends  and  sides  and  hung  on  rigid  supports, 
arranged  so  as  to  be  adjustable  in  height,  and  provided  with 
safety  guy  wires  of  copper.  The  smoke  jack  portion  extends 
into  the  ventilator  3  or  4  feet,  leaving  a  space  all  around  the  jack 
at  the  roof  for  the  escape  of  smoke  that  may  get  outside  of  the 
jack.  The  smoke  hood  is  8  feet  long  to  allow  the  hostler  some 
latitude  in  spotting  the  engine. 


Electric  Wiring  and  Lights. 

Probably  the  best  method  of  wiring  engine  houses  is  to  enclose 
all  wires  in  conduit  pipe  and  sealed  boxes,  running  the  mains 
and  branches  on  the  roof,  an  improved  type  of  which  is  the 
"  Ravelin "  patented  system.  By  this  method  all  wiring  and 
joints  are  protected  from  smoke  and  gas  fumes,  and  the  work 
of  wiring  is  simplified,  and  as  all  parts  are  accessible,  repairs  can 
be  made  easily. 

Usually  three  incandescent  16-candlepower  drop  lights  are 
placed  between  each  stall,  with  a  plug  receptacle  connection 
on  each  post  for  portable  hand  light.  The  lamps  are  protected 
by  wire  screens  over  the  lights. 

Switches  are  placed  on  the  back  or  front  walls  for  each  stall  or 
series  of  stalls. 

Outside,  arc  lights  are  generally  used,  strung  on  poles  in  con- 
venient position.  The  number  vary  with  the  size  of  the  hause 
and  the  amount  of  light  desired. 

Approximate  cost.  —  The  cost  of  complete  installation  varies 
from  $40  to  $60  per  stall. 


STEAM,   AIR,   AND   WATER  PIPES.  117 

Steam  Air  and  Water  Pipes.    (Fig.  59a.) 

One  of  the  most  important  features  about  an  engine  house  is 
the  installation  of  the  steam,  air,  and  water  pipes. 

The  steam  is  required  for  heating  purposes  and  engine  supply, 
the  air  for  engine  and  shop  supply,  and  the  water  for  washing 
out  purposes  and  fire  service. 

For  the  ordinary  run  of  engine  houses  up  to  22  stalls  the  fol- 
lowing sizes  are  commonly  used: 

Live  steam  main  3  inches  diameter,  branches  1J  inches 
diameter. 

Air  pipe  main  1J  inches  diameter,  branches  1^  inches  diameter. 

Water  service  main  3  inches  diameter,  branches  2  inches  di- 
ameter. 

The  branch  pipes  where  connections  are  desired  are  arranged 
so  as  to  be  attached  to  the  inside  posts,  and  terminate  about 
5  feet  from  the  floor.  The  steam  pipe  is  equipped  with  a  valve 
and  air-brake  coupling,  the  coupling  being  used  for  hose  con- 
nection to  convey  live  steam  to  engine  boilers  when  necessary. 

The  air  pipe  is  fitted  with  a  Westinghouse  air  brake  and 
coupling. 

The  water  pipe  is  equipped  with  gate  valve  and  drip  cock  for 
fire  purposes,  also  a  globe  valve  and  hose  coupling  for  engine 
boiler  service;  in  addition  a  short  length  of  pipe  extends  above 
the  fire  valve,  with  elbow,  to  which  are  attached  50  feet  of  rubber- 
lined  hose  and  18-inch  fire  hose  nozzle;  the  hose  and  nozzle  are 
supported  on  a  stand  with  movable  brackets  secured  to  the  posts 
and  encased  in  wood  frame  with  glass  front. 

A  valve  is  placed  on  each  branch  pipe  near  the  main  so  that 
any  branch  supply  can  be  cut  off  for  repairs  without  interfering 
with  the  rest  of  the  house. 

Owing  to  smoke  fumes  corroding  the  iron  and  the  annoyance 
from  dripping  it  is  considered  the  best  practice  to  place  the 
pipes  in  underground  ducts  instead  of  stringing  them  overhead 
inside  the  house. 

The  ducts  are  arranged  so  as  to  be  easily  accessible  for  repair 
purposes  and  valve  service,  and  are  usually  built  of  wood  or 
concrete. 


118 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


braes  hook  inside. 


(l"x8"x2/0"GUsB  Bide  with  )  Fasten  with 


Wejetofith 

ock 

ond 

f  /Glass  5"  x 

i\ 

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I'Boards 

f^\ 

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2'o"long 



„    „',„». 

}F« 

f   scr 


3'0- 


2  Brass  Gate  Valve 
with  flanged  ends 


FreightlAir  Brake  Coupling 
PLG.32  Fig.2.  W.A.B.Cat 
IKJSteam  Valve  "World" 
XX  Brand  (Erase) 
1\1A"  Cut-out  Cock 
XPl.G.43.Fig7 
(W.A.B.Cat 


2%  Brass  Hose  Gate 
with  brass  cap  and  chain 


SIDE  ELEVATION      I        FRONT  ELEVATION  BACK  ELEVATION 

Fig.  59a.    Steam,  Air  and  Water  Connections  for  Engine  Houses. 


PLAN 


STEAM,   AIR,   AND  WATER  PIPES.  119 

The  wood  duct,  though  cheap  in  first  cost,  is  high  in  mainte- 
nance. On  account  of  being  subjected  to  the  moisture  from  the 
ground  on  the  outside,  and  excessive  heat  inside,  it  soon  rots  out, 
and  has  to  be  renewed  every  few  years. 

To  eliminate  the  maintenance  charges  entirely,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  build  the  ducts  of  concrete  or  masonry,  or  such  material 
as  will  be  permanent;  and  to  be  successful  it  is  also  necessary 
that  its  cost  will  compare  favorably  with  the  price  of  wood. 

The  "  Thurber  "  patented  system  of  rib  concrete  ducts  is  said 
to  accomplish  this  result,  and  the  method  of  installation  is  as 
follows : 

The  main  ducts  carry  the  steam,  air,  water,  and  heating  pipes, 
run  between  and  connect  each  engine  pit,  either  at  the  front  or 
back  of  the  house,  making  a  continuous  passage  throughout,  so 
that  no  breaking  or  cutting  of  walls  for  the  passage  of  pipes  is 
necessary;  they  are  made  2  feet  9  inches  wide  and  2  feet  9  inches 
deep. 

The  ducts  carrying  the  branch  steam,  air,  and  water  pipes  con- 
nect with  the  main  duct  between  alternate  pits,  and  extend  back 
to  the  end  post  so  as  to  serve  two  pits,  the  pipes  being  carried 
up  the  post  face.  The  branch  ducts  are  1  foot  6  inches  wide 
and  1  foot  6  inches  deep. 

The  method  of  building  the  ducts  consists  in  pfacing  iron  tee 
section  ribs  at  varying  intervals,  not  exceeding  3  feet,  and  setting 
up  concrete  slabs  between;  the  slabs  fit  into  the  bottom  pockets 
and  bear  against  the  iron  sides  of  the  ribs,  and  are  held  by  bolts 
or  rods  at  the  top,  the  rods  being  used  to  hang  the  pipes  inside 
the  ducts.  The  floor  can  be  made  in  slabs  or  built  in  concrete  in 
the  usual  way.  All  slabs  are  laid  in  cement  mortar. 

The  approximate  cost  of  steam,  air,  and  water  pipes  installed 
complete,  not  including  the  ducts,  averages  from  $55  to  $80  per 
stall. 


120  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 

Heating  Engine  Houses. 

In  the  heating  of  roundhouses  there  are  two  methods  in  vogue, 
the  hot  air  system  and  the  direct  steam  vacuum  method. 

Hot  Air  Heating.  —  The  heating  apparatus  when  possible  is 
placed  about  the  center  of  distribution  either  in  the  engine  or  boiler 
house  or  in  a  separate  annex,  and  consists  of  an  engine,  fan,  and 
heater,  set  up  and  anchored  on  concrete  or  wood  foundation. 

The  heater  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  coiled  steam  pipes  enclosed 
by  a  sheet  steel  jacket,  to  which  is  attached  a  steel  plate  fan, 
usually  driven  by  a  vertical  or  horizontal  steam  engine. 

The  fan  draws  the  air  over  the  steam  coils  and  forces  the  hot  air 
through  pipes  or  ducts  to  any  part  of  the  house  desired. 

On  account  of  smoke  fumes  corroding  any  iron  work  that  is  not 
well  protected,  the  air  ducts  are  usually  placed  underground.  The 
main  duct  is  built  of  reinforced  concrete,  and  the  branches  are 
usually  tile  pipe,  though  wood  is  often  used  on  account  of  cheap 
first  cost. 

Usually  the  main  duct  runs  around  the  back  of  the  house,  the 
inside  face  of  foundation  wall  serving  as  one  side.  It  is  necessary 
that  all  inside  surfaces  should  be  as  smooth  as  possible,  without 
projections  of  any  kind  inside  the  duct.  Branches  are  taken  off  the 
main  with  long  radius  bends  and  run  down  between  pits  with  off- 
sets to  the  engine  pits,  and  risers  at  points  where  it  is  desired  to 
admit  hot  air  to  heat  the  balance  of  the  house,  the  outlets  being 
controlled  by  dampers. 

The -ducts  absorb  a  portion  of  the  heat  and  are  also  subject  to 
dampness  from  condensation.  The  main  point  is  to  provide  means 
for  keeping  them  dry.  This  is  done  by  grading  the  ducts  so  as  to 
drain  to  the  air  outlets,  and  placing  covers  in  the  main  duct  that 
can  be  opened  to  let  out  the  dampness  at  favorable  times. 

Capacity  and  approximate  cost.  —  The  capacity  of  the  heating 
apparatus  depends  upon  the  size  of  the  house.  In  any  event 
it  is  always  necessary  under  ordinary  conditions  to  figure  the 
units  large  enough  so  as  to  .provide  for  a  reasonable  future  house 
extension. 

For  the  ordinary  run  of  engine  houses  the  supply  of  hot  air  per 
minute  varies  from  2000  to  3000  cubic  feet  per  stall  at  a  fan  speed 
of  200  revolutions  per  minute. 


HEATING  ENGINE  HOUSES.  121 

Figuring  2250  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute,  a  20-stall  engine  house 
would  require  the  following: 

Steel  plate  fan  8  feet  in  diameter  by  4  feet  wide.     Theoretical 
capacity,  45,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute  at  200  revolutions. 
Side  crank  steam  engine  8"  X  12". 
Heating  coils,  6700  lineal  feet  of  1-inch  pipe  capacity. 

Approximate  cost  of  the  above  installed,  with  concrete  founda- 
tion walls  and  timber  floor  for  the  fan  and  heater,  varies  from 
$2800  to  $3400,  or  on  an  average  $150  per  stall. 

The  cost  of  the  main  ducts,  branches,  risers,  dampers,  etc.,  in 
place  averages  from  $100  to  $180  per  stall,  or  the  cost  of  the  com- 
plete installation  $250  to  $350  per  stall. 

The  sizes  of  the  mains  and  branches  have  to  be  figured  out  for 
the  volume  of  air  carried,  and  are  usually  given  by  the  manufac- 
turers of  the  heating  outfit.  No  boilers,  or  steam  main  connec- 
tions from  the  same,  are  included  in  the  estimate. 

A  feed  water  heater  and  pump  with  valves  and  connections 
arranged  to  receive  the  drip  of  the  heating  system  for  boiler  feed  is 
often  added,  also  a  vacuum  pump  in  connection  with  the  hot  air 
heater  to  relieve  pipes  of  air,  etc.,  and  give  good  steam  circulation. 

The  cost  of  a  100  horsepower  heater  with  feed  and  vacuum  pump, 
including  valves  and  connections  set  up  complete  for  the  above 
heating  apparatus,  varies  from  $500  to  $750. 

The  heater  is  generally  arranged  to  condense  the  exhaust  from 
the  fan  or  other  engines  for  boiler  feed,  and  when  omitted,  steam 
traps  are  provided  for  removing  the  water  of  condensation  to  the 
drain. 

In  exceptionally  cold  weather,  the  air  is  taken  from  the  engine 
house  and  reheated,  openings  being  provided  in  the  air  chamber 
so  that  this  can  be  accomplished.  It  is  not  an  ideal  method,  but 
under  exceptional  conditions  is  often  necessary. 

Steam  Heating.  —  The  ordinary  method  is  a  low  pressure  direct 
steam  heating  system,  adapted  to  use  and  utilize  all  exhaust 
steam  available  from  the  engine  and  boiler  house,  with  such 
additional  live  steam  as  may  be  necessary  from  boiler  during 
severe  weather. 

From  the  exhaust  header  the  main  steam  supply  is  run  around 
either  the  front  or  back  of  the  house,  usually  in  the  underground 


122  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND   ESTIMATES. 

ducts  carrying  the  air  and  water  pipes,  with  branches  to  the  pit 
and  wall  coils,  including  a  return  main  to  which  all  coils  are  con- 
nected. 

The  steam  main  reduces  in  size  as  it  goes  along  proportionately 
as  the  amount  of  radiation  is  decreased,  and  the  size  of  the  return 
pipe  is  increased  proportionately  as  the  coils  are  added  to  it.  To 
relieve  heating  coils  of  water  of  condensation  and  air,  the  return 
pipe  is  connected  to  a  vacuum  pump  located  in  pit  near  the  boiler, 
the  water  of  condensation  being  discharged  into  a  feed  water 
heater,  and  from  the  heater  to  the  boiler  by  a  feed  pump.  The 
exhaust  header  is  connected  into  heater  full  size  of  header,  with 
relief  pipe  from  heater  to  roof  fitted  with  a  back  pressure  valve. 

Valves  are  applied  in  steam  main  or  mains  near  exhaust  header, 
between  vacuum  pump  and  heater,  steam  supply  from  boiler  to 
vacuum,  and  boiler  feed  pumps. 

Heating  Surface  and  Equipment  Required.  —  For  ordinary  round- 
houses the  amount  of  heating  surface  usually  installed  varies  from 
1  to  1J  square  feet  per  100  cubic  feet  of  enclosed  space;  probably 
1J  square  feet  is  a  fair  average. 

For  one  stall  having  a  capacity  of  34,000  cubic  feet  the  heating 

^4-000 
surface  would  be  -      -  X  li  =  425  square  feet,  or  680  lineal  feet 

1UU 

of  2-inch  pipe  per  stall. 

The  best  distribution  is  to  put  four  pipes  on  each  side  of  the 
engine  pit  and  the  balance  as  coil  radiators  on  the  roundhouse 
walls. 

Sometimes  five  or  six  rows  of  pipe  are  placed  on  the  engine  pit 
walls,  but  this  method  is  not  recommended,  as  it  will  usually  be 
found  that  so  much  pipe  will  impede  circulation,  and  as  a  result 
the  bottom  pipes  are  generally  cold. 

The  pipes  are  supported  by  cast  or  bent  steel  pipe  hangers  about 
6  feet  apart.  Usually  wood  plugs  or  strips  are  built  into  the  wall 
to  which  the  pipe  supports  are  attached  by  lag  screws,  the  screws 
serving  in  the  case  of  the  bent  steel  hangers  as  supports  on 
which  the  pipes  rest. 

For  a  20-stall  engine  house  the  steam  main  would  be  5  inches  for 
the  first  ten  pits,  4  inches  for  the  next  six,  and  3  inches  for  the  bal- 
ance. They  are  hung  from  strap  hangers  supported  by  rods  pass- 
ing through  the  ducts  about  7-foot  centers,  or  on  floor  rollers  with 


HEATING  ENGINE  HOUSES.  123 

expansion  bends.     The  return  would  be  2  inches  for  the  last  four 
pits,  2J  inches  for  the  next  six,  and  3  inches  for  the  balance. 

The  heater  not  less  than  100  horsepower,  and  made  sufficiently 
strong  to  carry  10  pounds  of  steam  pressure.  The  vacuum  pump 
3i"  X  5J"  X  4",  all  brass  lined,  and  feed  pump  4J"  X  2J"  X  4" 
duplex. 

Approximate  cost.  —  The  cost  for  complete  installation  varies 
from  $225  to  $300  per  stall  without  ducts.  Only  a  portion  of  the 
cost  of  ducts  would  be  chargeable  to  the  heating,  as  the  same  ducts 
would  be  used  to  run  the  live  steam,  air,  and  water  pipes.  No 
boilers  are  included  in  the  above  estimates.  See  under  "Boiler 
Houses  "  for  cost  of  boilers,  etc. 

Washout  System.  —  By  using  a  series  of  hot  water  tanks  suitably 
connected  with  pipes,  valves,  pumps,  etc.,  the  steam  and  water 
can  be  taken  from  locomotives  and  stored  in  tanks  to  be  reused 
for  washing-out  purposes  and  refilling  when  desired. 

By  this  method  a  large  saving  of  time  is  effected  in  washing  out 
and  refilling  locomotive  boilers,  and  as  the  water  is  hot,  the  work 
is  done  without  danger  from  unequal  expansion  to  the  tubes,  stay 
bolts,  or  fire  box,  and  in  addition  50  per  cent  of  the  water  is  saved 
and  reused,  and  it  is  possible  to  take  the  water  from  a  boiler  and 
refill  with  a  fresh  supply  in  30  minutes  without  removing  the  fire. 
To  blow  off,  wash  the  boiler,  and  refill  it  with  a  fresh  supply,  and 
obtain  100  pounds  steam  requires  about  two  hours.  The  old 
method  of  blowing  off  and  letting  the  water  waste  to  the  drain 
requires  from  8  to  10  hours  to  wash  out,  refill,  and  get  100  pounds 
steam. 

The  system  consists  of  one  or  a  series  of  storage  tanks,  with  blow 
off,  hot  water,  wash  out,  and  filling,  pipe  lines,  including  live  steam 
piping  to  the  tanks,  also  valves  and  connections;  where  a  series  of 
tanks  are  used  for  washing  out,  refilling,  and  superheating,  pumps 
are  required  to  maintain  pressure  at  the  hose  nozzles  for  filling 
purposes. 

Approximate  cost.  —  Usually  the  piping  is  furnished  to  a  few 
pits  only  when  for  washing  out  purposes,  and  to  each  pit  if  refilling 
and  washout  system  is  installed.  The  cost  varies  from  $6000  to 
$25,000,  depending  upon  the  capacity  and  requirements  of  the 
plant. 


124 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


APPROXIMATE  ESTIMATE  FOR  ONE  STALL  85  FEET  LONG  ENGINE  HOUSE 
MILL   CONSTRUCTION.     (Figs.  58,  58a.) 


Quantities. 

Material. 

Labor. 

Total 
unit. 

Cost. 

Excavation  14  yards  

$  .50 

$     7  00 

Concrete   26  yards 

$3  50 

$4  50 

8  00 

208  00 

Steel   9000  pounds 

021 

021 

04* 

405  00 

Encased  concrete   8  yards 

4  00 

8  00 

12  00 

96  00 

7500  feet  board  measure,  per  thousand  ... 
144  square  feet  back  window  
40  linear  feet  eaves  

22.00 
.40 
25 

18.00 
.20 
15 

40.00 
.60 
40 

300.00 
86.40 
16  00 

208  square  feet  door  front  
80  square  feet  window  front   .    . 

.30 

40 

.20 
20 

.50 
60 

104.00 
48  00 

17  squares  roofing,  per  square  (100  square 
feet)  :  
500  feet  board  measure  squared  timber, 
per  thousand  

2.00 
18  00 

2.00 
17  00 

4.00 
35  00 

68.00 
17  50 

4  cedar  ties  

40 

10 

50 

2  00 

Combined  asbestos  and  ventilator  smoke 
jack  erected  

100  00 

25  00 

125  00 

Reinforced  hot  air  or  pipe  ducts  [27  feet], 
7  yards  

4.00 

6  00 

10  00 

70  00 

12  yards  excavation 

50 

6  00 

Engine  Pit. 

87  yards  excavation  

$43  .  50 

40  yards  concrete  

$3.50 

$4.50 

$8.00 

320.00 

2500   feet   board   measure  6-inch  plank, 
per  thousand 

18  00 

17  00 

35  00 

87  50 

5  yards  floor 

4  00 

6  00 

10  00 

50  00 

14  feet  12-inch  tile. 

50 

7  00 

Cast  iron  gratings 

2  75 

75 

3  50 

Heating 

Steam,  air,  and  water 

Electric  wiring  and  lights 

Floor  12-inch  cinders  56  yards  at  50  cts 

Door  posts 

Proportion  of  end  or  fire  walls  drop  and  wheel  pit  per  bay 


$2638.00 
262.00 

Total  $2900.00 


Engineering  and  contingencies  10% 


HEATING  ENGINE   HOUSES.  125 

Fig.  60  illustrates  a  cross  section  of  an  engine  house  erected 
by  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  R.  at  Elkhart,  Indiana. 

This  house  is  a  combination  of  flat  and  sloped  roof  construction, 
which  is  to  be  commended,  as  the  engine  fumes  ascend  into  the 
high  portion,  and  serves  to  keep  the  lower  portion  more  free  from 
smoke.  The  smoke  jacks  are  12  feet  long,  which  allows  the 
hostler  some  latitude  in  spotting  the  engines. 

The  cost  of  this  house,  which  is  90  feet  long,  would  average 
from  $2200  to  $3000  per  stall  complete. 


126 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


N> 


BOILER  HOUSES.  127 


Boiler  Houses. 

The  boiler  house  is  usually  built  behind  the  engine  house,  as 
an  annex,  principally  to  supply  steam,  air,  and  water  to  the 
engine  house  proper,  and  incidentally  to  supply  heating  for  other 
buildings  and  cars  in  the  yard  if  necessary. 

The  building  consists  of  machine,  engine,  and  boiler  rooms, 
with  locomotive  foreman's  offices,  registry  room,  and  lavatory 
on  one  side  of  the  machine  room,  having  a  small  gallery  for  light 
stores  over.  The  boiler  room  is  made  sufficiently  large  to  hold 
two  or  three  batteries  of  boilers,  with  a  coal  bin  on  one  side  which 
is  filled  from  cars  through  the  openings  above. 

Approximate  cost.  (Fig.  61.) — The  average  cost  of  boiler 
houses  for  the  building  only,  ranges  from  $1.75  to  $2.50  per 
square  foot;  for  the  one  illustrated  the  cost  would  be  $6000  to 
$7000. 

For  boilers  and  equipment  100  to  150  per  cent  extra. 

Two  100-horsepower  boilers  erected  complete  $3500  to  $4000. 

Engine  room  equipment  $3000  to  $5000. 

Construction.  —  Masonry  foundation  walls  to  five  feet  below 
ground,  face  walls  common  brick,  stone,  or  concrete,  with  arches 
over  doors  and  windows.  Roof  8"X14"  beams  at  8-foot  centers, 
covered  with  3-inch  plank,  and  tar  and  gravel  on  top.  Office 
inside  finished  with  hardwood  floor,  ordinary  trim,  and  plastered 
walls  and  ceilings. 

Machine  room:  hardwood  floor,  walls  and  woodwork  white- 
washed; boiler  room:  brick  floor,  with  wood  plank  over  coal  bin, 
walls  and  woodwork  whitewashed. 

The  ordinary  locomotive  type  of  boiler  is  generally  used  in 
units  of  100  horsepower,  with  mechanical  draft  or  large  chimney, 
the  boiler  room  being  made  large  enough  to  hold  an  additional 
boiler  in  case  of  future  extension. 

The  machine  room  equipment  generally  consists  of  an  engine 
and  air  compressor  and  a  small  lathe,  planer  and  saw,  with 
benches  fitted  up  for  convenient  use. 


128  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


] 


3  Plank 


2"Plank 


SECTION 


": 


ELEVATION 


PLAN 

Fig.  61.     Boiler  House. 


STOREHOUSES. 


129 


Storehouses. 

At  divisional,  terminal,  and  other  points  store  houses  are  neces- 
sary to  receive  and  store  supplies  for  engine,  car,  and  general 
service,  for  repair  and  operating  purposes. 

The  house  is  usually  a  frame  structure  on  masonry,  cedar  sill, 
or  post  foundation,  divided  up  with  shelving  and  racks  to  hold 
the  miscellaneous  articles  usually  kept  in  stock,  with  an  office  in 
one  corner  for  the  storekeeper;  to  this  may  be  added  a  counter  if 
desired. 

Sometimes  the  store  and  oil  house  are  combined,  or  the  oil 
house  is  placed  in  close  proximity  to  the  storehouse  so  that 
both  can  be  looked  after  by  the  storekeeper. 


APPROXIMATE    COST   OF    STOREHOUSES    COMPLETE,    INCLUDING    PLAT- 
FORMS,   ETC.      (Fig.  62.) 


Size. 

Wood  foundation  and  floor. 

Concrete  foundation  and 
concrete  floor. 

30'X30'Xl3'high 
45'  X  30'  XI  3'  high 
60'  X30'  XI  3'  high 

$  900.00  to  $1200.00 
1300.  00  to    1500.00 
1800.  00  to    2100.00 

$1500.00  to  $1800.00 
2100.  00  to    2500.00 
2800.  00  to    3300.00 

Construction.  —  Fig.  62  illustrates  a  small  storehouse  30'  X  30' 
with  platform.  The  house  can  be  extended  by  adding  15-foot 
bays. 

Concrete  foundations  taken  below  frost,  walls  filled  between 
with  sand  or  good  ballast  well  puddled  and  finished  on  top  with 
concrete  or  wood  floor.  Framing  consists  of  2"X6"  studs  2-foot 
centers,  with  1-inch  rough  boards  and  siding,  and  building  paper 
between  on  the  outside  and  sheathed  on  the  inside.  The  roof  is 
made  of  4"X12"  rafters  at  7  foot  6  inch  centers,  covered  with 
3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel.  Shelvings  and  racks  are  pro- 
vided to  suit  the  class  of  goods  kept  in  stock. 


ozim 


EH 


H  6"8    H 


a 
Store  Room 


a 


Office 


Platform 


(130) 


Concrete  Floor 


•.Filliu 


SECTION 
Fig.  62.     Storehouse. 


L 1 


STOREHOUSES. 
Approximate  estimate :    (Fig.  62.) 


131 


Quantities. 

Mate- 
rial. 

Labor. 

Total 
unit. 

Cost. 

50  cubic  yards  excavation 

$     50 

$  25  00 

54  cubic  yards  masonry 

$2  00 

$3  00 

5  00 

270  00 

14,500  feet  board  measure  lumber,  per  thou- 
sand                                                      ...    . 

18  00 

17  00 

35  00 

507  50 

Doors  and  windows 

42  50 

20  00 

62  50 

Hardware  .                                                  ... 

20  00 

15  00 

35  00 

Roofing  .... 

24  00 

26  00 

50  00 

900  square  feet  concrete  floor  and  filling  
Brick  chimney  .  .                                      .  . 

.08 
8  00 

.12 

12  00 

.20 

180.00 
20  00 

Painting  and  glazing.                     

20  00 

25  00 

45  00 

Shelving 

100  00 

70  00 

170  00 

Supervision  and  contingencies  

$1,364.00 
136  00 

900  square  feet  platform  at  15  cts            

$1,500.00 
135  00 

Total  

$1  635  00 

$1.65  per  square  foot  with  masonry  foundation  and  concrete  floor. 
$1.50  per  square  foot  with  masonry  foundation  and  wood  floor. 
$1.25  per  square  foot  with  wood  foundation  and  wood  floor. 


132  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Oil  Houses. 

Oil  houses  are  necessary  on  railroads  to  store  and  handle  the 
various  oils  required  for  engine,  car,  and  shop  service. 

The  most  common  arrangement  consists  of  a  frame  or  masonry 
shed  with  basement  and  platform,  located  alongside  a  track  in 
convenient  proximity  to  the  various  departments  to  be  served. 

Usually  steel  tanks  are  provided  for  storing  the  oil,  varying  in 
capacity  from  500  to  2000  gallons  or  more;  they  are  set  up  on 
concrete  supports  in  the  basement,  so  that  they  can  be  easily 
examined  and  cleaned. 

When  the  supply  is  brought  by  barrels,  they  are  dumped  over 
fillers  inside  the  house  or  outside  on  the  platform  if  desired; 
when  filled  from  car  service  tanks,  the  pipes  are  extended  under 
the  platform  and  provided  with  stop  cocks  and  hose  connections 
as  per  Fig.  63. 

The  floor,  over  the  basement  is  usually  heavy  plank  not  less 
than  3  inches  thick,  or  reinforced  concrete.  A  trap  door  and 
small  ship  ladder  are  necessary  to  gain  access  to  the  basement, 
the  trap  door  and  frame  being  made  fireproof.  No  other  openings 
are  provided,  electric  light  being  used  when  desired  for  inspection 
purposes. 

The  tanks  are  generally  ventilated  by  a  pipe  connecting  each 
tank,  with  a  main  riser  taken  above  the  roof,  to  allow  escape  of 
air  and  gases. 

The  floor  above  the  basement  is  used  for  the  distribution  of 
oil  to  employees;  each  tank  is  connected  to  a  hand  or  power 
pump;  the  pumps  are  grouped  together  and  set  up  conveniently 
in  one  corner  of  the  house  with  oil  stands,  trays,  and  drip  pans, 
and  a  counter  with  waste  bins  and  can  racks  is  placed  where 
most  convenient. 

APPROXIMATE    COST    OF    OIL    HOUSES    COMPLETE.     (Fig.  63.) 


Size. 

Concrete  foundation  and 
floor,  wood  platform. 

30'  X  20'  XI  2'  high 
45'X20'X12/  high 
60/X20/Xl2/high 

$1500.00  to  $1900.00 
2500  .  00  to    2900  .  00 
3000.  00  to    3900.00 

Construction.  —  The  chief  points  to  be  considered  in  the  con- 
struction are  to  eliminate  the  risk  of  fire,  to  provide  ample  storage 


ELEVATION 


I J 


~1  Trap  Door 

i T    . 1    i -i    «- •-- — /--i    . T 

Pumps 


Platform 

i 


PLAN 


SECTION 

Fig.  63.     Oil  House. 


(133) 


134 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


and  convenient  means  for  filling  the  tanks  either  from  barrels  or 
oil  cars,  and  to  provide  proper  facilities  for  handling,  pumping, 
and  distribution. 

Fig.  63  illustrates  a  30'  X  30'oil  house  with  steel  tanks  in  basement. 

The  foundation  walls  up  to  platform  level,  also  basement  floor, 
are  of  concrete;  the  oil  house  floor  may  be  of  reinforced  concrete  or 
heavy  plank.  The  house  frame  is  2"X6"  studs  at  2-foot  centers 
with  rough  boarding  and  shiplap  with  building  paper  between  on 
the  outside,  and  1-inch  sheathing  on  the  inside.  The  roof  is  2"X8" 
joists  at  2-foot  centers  covered  with  1-inch  T.  and  G.  boards  and 
finished  with  tar  and  gravel. 

The  platform  on  the  track  side  is  supported  on  8-inch  diam- 
eter cedar  posts  on  mud  sills,  with  2"X  10"  joists  at  24-inch  centers 
covered  with  3-inch  plank. 

The  tanks  are  made  of  steel  boiler  plate  with  pipe  connections 
and  hand  hole  with  valve  for  cleaning  purposes,  and  have  the 
following  capacity: 

Four  feet  6  inches  diameter,  J  inch  thick  metal,  12  feet  long, 
1200  gallons. 

Four  feet  3  inches  diameter,  J  inch  thick  metal,  12  feet  long, 
1000  gallons. 

Three  feet  3  inches  diameter,  T\  inch  thick  metal,  12  feet  long, 
600  gallons. 

Three  feet  diameter,  T\  inch  thick  metal,  12  feet  long,  500  gallons. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost:   (Fig.  63.) 


Quantities. 

Mate- 
rial. 

Labor. 

Total 

unit. 

Cost. 

68  cubic  yards  excavation 

$     50 

$  34  00 

53  cubic  yards  masonry      .                           ... 

$2.50 

$3.50 

6  00 

318  00 

23  cubic  yards  concrsts 

3  00 

3  50 

6  50 

149  00 

7000  feet  board  measure  lumber,  per  thousand 
Doors  and  windows 

18.00 
50  00 

17.00 
35  00 

35.00 

245.00 
85  00 

5  squares  roofing,  per  square  (100  square  feet) 
Hardware  and  reinforcement  
Painting  and  glazing                    

2.50 
75.00 
25  00 

2.50 
47.00 
30  00 

5.00 

25.00 
122.00 
55  00 

5  tanks,  capacity  4100  gallons  
Pumps,  piping,  connections,  and  fittings  .  .  . 
Steam  coils  

280.00 
100.00 
16.00 

296.00 
63.00 
12.00 

576.00 
163.00 
28.00 

Supervision  and  contingencies  

$1,800.00 
180.00 

Total.. 

$1,980.00 

or  about  $3  per  square  foot  or  16$  cts.  per  cubic  foot. 


ICE   HOUSES.  135 


Ice  Houses. 

Ice  houses  are  generally  framed  structures  built  by  the  railway 
company  to  store  ice  at  divisional,  terminal,  and  other  points  con- 
venient for  storage  and  supply.  The  houses  are  stocked  in  winter, 
and  the  ice  used  for  drinking  purposes,  etc.,  in  office,  car,  freight, 
and  general  service. 

For  office  and  car  service  the  ice  is  washed  and  broken  up  in  the 
ice  house,  and  trucked  to  the  cars,  etc.  For  refrigerator  freight  ser- 
vice a  siding  is  generally  placed  close  to  the  ice  house,  with  an 
elevated  platform  running  alongside,  from  which  the  ice  is  handled 
from  house  to  car  by  trucks. 

Ice-handling  machinery  for  storing  and  handling  blocks  of  ice 
either  into  or  out  of  storage  consists,  if  the  quantity  is  small, 
of  adjustable  tackle  hung  from  beams  projecting  over  the  doors, 
the  doors  being  arranged  in  tiers  to  facilitate  the  handling  of  ice  at 
different  levels;  when  large  quantities  are  handled,  elevating  and 
lowering  machines  on  the  endless  chain,  pneumatic,  or  brake  prin- 
ciple are  used  which  automatically  dump  the  blocks  at  any  level 
desired. 

In  estimating  the  capacity  of  ice  houses,  the  height  of  storage  is 
usually  reckoned  to  the  eaves,  and  a  ton  of  ice  will  occupy  from 
40  to  45  cubic  feet  of  space. 

Cost.  —  Ordinary  frame  structures,  cedar  sill  foundation,  insu- 
lated walls,  two  air  spaces  and  three  boards,  insulated  partitions 
and  roof  with  louver  ventilators,  and  1-inch  rough  hemlock  board 
floor,  on  a  cinder  bed  as  per  Fig.  64,  will  cost  approximately  $3.00 
to  $4.50  per  ton  capacity,  or  7  to  10  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

APPROXIMATE    COST    OF    VARIOUS    SIZES    OF   ICE    HOUSES. 

Wood      Masonry 
founda-    Founda- 
tions,       tions. 
250-ton  ice  house  24  feet  wide  by  36  feet  long  by  18  feet 

high  to  eaves $    950        $  1,300 

500-ton  ice  house  24  feet  wide  by  72  feet  long  by  18  feet 

high  to  eaves 1,850  2,500 

1000-ton  ice  house  30  feet  wide  by  84  feet  long  by  20  feet 

high  to  eaves 3,350  4,000 

2000-ton  ice  house  30  feet  wide  by  168  feet  long  by  20  feet 

high  to  eaves 6,650  7,800 

3000-ton  ice  house  30  feet  wide  by  252  feet  long  by  20  feet 
high  to  eaves 9,950          1 1,500 


Cinders 

SECTION 


ELEVATION 


(136) 


PLAN 

Fig.  64.    Ice  House. 


ICE  HOUSES. 


137 


APPROXIMATE    ESTIMATE    FOR   A    25O-TON   ICE    HOUSE.     (Fig.  64.) 


Quantities. 

Mate- 
terial. 

Labor. 

Total 
unit. 

Cost. 

20,000  feet  board  measure  lumber,per  thousand 
Doors  .  .                 

$18.00 
25.00 
25.00 
34.00 

$17 
10 
15 
40 

.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 

$35.00 

$  700 
35 
40 
74 

18 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

Hardware  . 
Paint  
Cinders  anc 

Supervision 

If  masonry 
Total 

drain  

and  contingencies 

$  867 
83 

00 
00 

foundation,  add  .    .    .    . 

$  950 
350 

00 
00 

$1300 

00 

Construction.  —  To  avoid  shrinkage  as  much  as  possible,  stone 
or  concrete  foundations  should  be  used  for  the  outer  walls; 
ordinary  wood  sill  foundation  is  not  sufficient  to  prevent 
heat  penetrating  through  the  outside  ground  to  the  floor  in 
summer. 

The  outer  walls  and  roof  should  be  insulated  with  at  least  three 
coverings  of  board  and  two  air  spaces,  and  a  vent  should  extend 
the  full  length  of  roof. 

The  house  should  be  divided  up  into  a  number  of  compartments, 
the  cross  partitions  serving  to  tie  in  the  main  walls  instead  of  iron 
rods;  it  also  serves  to  lessen  the  exposure  of  ice  to  warm  air  when 
ice  is  going  out;  it  divides  the  house  into  so  many  units,  and  one 
unit  only  is  exposed  when  handling. 

The  floor  should  slope  slightly  both  ways  to  the  center  of  the 
house  and  be  well  drained,  the  drain  having  a  water  seal  and  vent 
when  possible. 

Cutting,  Storing,  and  Handling.  —  No  doubt  the  method  of 
cutting,  storing,  and  handling  the  ice  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with 
obtaining  results.  Outer  doors  should  be  used  only  when  filling  the 
house,  and  inner  doors  for  removing;  working  always  to  one  main 
outlet  rather  than  to  a  series  of  outlets.  All  ice  should  have  snow 
caps  planed  off  before  storing,  and  the  blocks  cut  to  a  size  easily 
handled;  100  pounds  or  thereabout,  10  to  14  inches  thick,  is 
recommended. 


138  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

When  storing,  a  space  should  be  left  all  around  each  block,  so 
that  it  may  not  be  necessary  to  hack  and  break  the  ice  too  much 
when  removing.  For  quick  and  easy  handling  ice  machines  should 
be  used  rather  than  slides  or  block  tackle,  to  avoid  waste  and  to 
deliver  the  ice  in  good  condition. 

Artificial  Ice  Making. 

In  many  localities  it  may  be  cheaper  to  erect  a  mechanical  ice- 
making  plant  than  to  store  ice,  and  the  following  is  an  approxi- 
mate estimate  of  the  installation  and  the  cost  of  operating  a  20-ton 
capacity  plant  by  steam  and  electric  power. 

When  electric  power  can  be  obtained  at  a  cheap  rate,  the  cost  of 
a  boiler  house  is  saved,  and  the  inconvenience  of  handling  coal,  etc., 
is  done  away  with,  or  when  the  house  can  be  placed  in  some  posi- 
tion in  the  yard  where  steam  is  available  the  same  remarks  would 
apply. 

Steam  Plant.  —  Capacity  20  tons  of  ice  per  day  per  24  hours, 
allowing  for  300  working  days  =  6000  tons  per  year. 

Approximate  cost  of  installation. 

Boiler,  machine  shop,  and  ice  house $  6,250.00 

Boiler  and  machinery  foundations 800 . 00 

Water  pipes  and  connections 500 . 00 

Boiler,  feed  water  pump,  injector,  steam  engine,  steam 
pipes  and  connections,  ammonia  compressor,  condenser, 
ice  tank  with  cans,  coils,  ice  lift,  etc.,  including  insula- 
tion and  all  connections,  erected  complete 20, 500.00 

Distilling  plant 2, 500.00 

$30,550.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 3, 050 . 00 

$33,600.00 

Approximate  cost  of  operating  steam  plant,  figuring  300  days 
per  year. 

Interest  on  first  cost  $33,600  at  6% $2,016.00 

2  engineers  at  $2.50 $  5 . 00 

1  helper  at  $1.50 1.50 

2  ice  men  at  $2 4 . 00 

Oil  and  waste 1.00 

3  tons  of  coal  at  $3 9.00 

Depreciation,  repairs,  and  incidentals 3.50 

$24.00X300  7,200.00 


Total $9, 216.00 

or  $1.54  per  ton. 


ARTIFICIAL  ICE  MAKING.  139 

Electric  Drive.  —  Capacity  20  tons  per  day  per  24  hours, 
allowing  for  300  working  days  =  6000  tons  per  year. 

Approximate  cost  of  installation. 

Machine  shop  and  ice  house $  4, 000 . 00 

Foundations 500 . 00 

Water  pipes  and  connections 500 . 00 

Motor,  compressor,  condenser,   ice   tank  with  cans,   coils, 
ice  lift,   etc.,   including  insulation  and  all  connections, 

erected  complete 19,533.00 

$24,533.00 
Distilling  apparatus,  if  steam  can  be  furnished 2,  500.00 

$27,033.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 2, 767 . 00 


$29,800.00 


Approximate  cost  of  operating  electric  plant. 


$29,800  at  6% $1,788.00 

Electric  power,  60  H.P.  at  $40  per  year 2, 400 . 00 

2  engineers  at  $2.50 $  5.00 

2  ice  men  at  $2       4 . 00 

Oil  and  waste     1 . 00 

Depreciation,  repairs,  and  incidentals 4.00 

$14. 00X300  days  4,200.00 

Total     $8,388.00 

or  $1 .40  per  ton. 


140  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Cold   Storage. 

For  hotel,  dining  car,  and  restaurant  service  it  is  necessary  to 
have  good  storage  and  ample  facilities  for  keeping  eatables  in  first- 
class  condition,  as  the  supplies  are  usually  bought  in  large  quanti- 
ties; this  necessitates  either  an  ice  or  mechanical  refrigeration  plant. 
For  dining  car  service  the  building  is  generally  located  at  one  end 
of  the  sleeping  and  dining  car  stores,  and  in  the  basement  of  hotels 
or  restaurants. 

Comparing  natural  ice  and  mechanical  refrigeration,  the  latter 
is  by  far  the  best  means  of  keeping  dining  supplies;  with  natural 
ice  the  cooling  process  is  limited,  there  is  also  dampness  and  poor 
ventilation  to  contend  with ;  ice  leaves  a  residue  liable  to  foul  unless 
the  storage  box  is  cleaned  out  frequently. 

With  the  mechanical  cold  air  process  the  proper  temperature 
for  keeping  supplies  in  the  best  condition  can  be  attained,  and  the 
temperature  can  be  varied  for  any  class  of  goods,-  the  air  is  purified 
and  fresh  at  all  times. 

Cold  Air  Refrigeration.  (Fig.  65.)  — The  walls  and  partitions 
are  insulated  similar  to  ice  houses,  and  divided  into  compartments 
for  storing  the  various  classes  of  goods. 

The  mechanical  plant  is  placed  at  one  end  of  the  building,  and 
consists  of  a  steam  engine  coupled  to  a  double-acting  ammonia 
compressor,  an  ammonia  condenser  and  receiver,  with  all  necessary 
ammonia  gauges  and  gauge  boards;  connection  pipes  and  fittings, 
including  an  air  cooler,  consisting  of  an  iron  tank  with  refrigerator 
coils,  brine  pump,  air  fan,  and  sundry  connections. 

The  cooler  is  placed  next  to  the  cold  storage  room,  and  the  wall 
between  it  and  the  engine  room  must  be  insulated  similar  to  outer 
walls. 

The  following  is  a  comparative  estimate  of  installing  and  operat- 
ing a  cold  air  plant  and  natural  ice  refrigeration  plant. 


COLD   STORAGE. 


141 


Coiling 


Floor 


Floor 


TEES 


Air  Duct 


ELEVATION 


-Filler  out  of  *"x  6" 


Ceiling 


Floor 


2-2x6 
2*x  e'studs 


SECTION 


.T5j5NVM\\y^\ 


Cold 

Cold 

Cold 

Storage 

Storage 

Engine 
Room 

M 

Storage 

r 

P 

Co 

1. 

L 

r 

1 

rridor 

_J 

1      L7 

ige 

1         1 

Cold  Store 

Cold  Storage 

PLAN 
Fig.  66.    Cold  Storage  House. 


142  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Cold  Air  Plant.  —  Six  tons  capacity,  approximate  cost   of 
installation  and  operation. 

Cold  storage  house  40'X48'X24'  high,  $3600  at  6% $216.00 

Cost  of  6-ton  ice  plant,  $3200  at  6%  per  annum 192 . 00 

Foundations  for  ice  plant,  $200  at  6%  per  annum 12 . 00 

10  horsepower  per  annum  at  $40  per  horsepower *   400 . 00 

Maintenance,  repairs,  and  depreciation 42 . 00 

Labor,  one  man  at  $2  per  day  (see  note) 730 . 00 

Ammonia  per  annum 30 . 00 

Water  rates 35 . 00 


$1,657.00 

NOTE.  —  One  man  can  run  an  ordinary  35  horsepower  plant  and  also  assist  in  the 
shop  or  stores  at  other  work.  Less  than  30%  of  his  time  is  taken  up  with  the  cold 
storage  plant. 

Natural  Ice  Plant.  —  Approximate  cost  of  installation  and 
operation. 

Increased  height  of  building  for  ice  storage  with  air  ducts,  drain- 
age, lifts,  and  insulation,  $4800  at  6%  per  annum $  288 . 00 

3  tons  of  ice  per  day  at  $2  per  ton 2190 . 00 

Labor,  one  man  at  $1 .50  per  day 548 . 00 


$3,026.00 

From  the  above  it  will  be  noted  that  the  cold  air  plant,  besides 
keeping  the  supplies  in  better  condition,  is  a  good  deal  less  costly 
than  buying  ice  at  the  price  quoted. 

Construction.  —  For  cold  storage  buildings  the  construction  is 
about  as  follows: 

Rubble  or  concrete  foundation  walls  taken  below  frost,  24  inches 
thick,  with  12-inch  footing  course. 

Outer  Walls,  Frame  Buildings.  —  Beginning  on  the  outer 
face,  two  layers  of  1-inch  matched  sheathing,  with  insulating 
paper  between,  2"X6"  studs  at  16-inch  centers,  two  layers  1-inch 
sheathing  with  insulating  paper  between,  2"X4"  studs  16-inch 
centers,  with  1-inch  matched  sheathing,  2  by  2  studs  16-inch 
centers,  with  two  layers  of  1-inch  sheathing  and  insulating  paper 
between;  with  this  arrangement  the  walls  are  about  20  inches 
thick.  All  spaces  are  filled  with  mill  shavings. 

Ground  Floor.  —  A  bed  of  gravel  at  least  12  inches  thick, 
with  3"X3"  sills  on  top,  at  18-inch  centers,  covered  with  1-inch 
matched  sheathing,  and  1"X2"  scantling  on  top,  and  two  layers 
of  2"X4"  matched  flooring  over,  laid  flat  with  insulating  paper 
between.  All  spaces  are  filled  with  mill  shavings. 


COLD  STORAGE.  143 

Inner  Walls.  —  Between  cold  storage  rooms:  2//x6//  studs  at 
18-inch  centers,  with  two  layers  of  1-inch  matched  sheathing  on 
either  side,  and  insulating  paper  between  boards,  all  spaces  filled 
with  mill  shavings. 

Between  cold  storage  rooms  and  corridors:  2//X8/'  studs  at 
18-inch  centers,  with  two  layers  of  1-inch  matched  sheathing 
and  insulating  paper  between  on  the  inside,  and  1-inch  matched 
sheathing,  and  1"  X  2"  scantling  18-inch  centers  covered  with  two 
layers  of  matched  sheathing,  with  insulating  between,  on  the  cor- 
ridor side. 

Ceiling.  —  Two-inch  by  8-inch  studs  at  18-inch  centers,  with 
two  layers  of  1-inch  matched  sheathing  on  each  side,  with  insu- 
lating paper  between  boards.  Spaces  filled  with  mill  shavings. 

Roof.  —  Two-inch  by  8-inch  studs,  18-inch  centers,  with  two 
layers  1-inch  sheathing  on  each  side,  with  insulating  paper  be- 
tween, roof  joists  4"X12"  at  8-foot  centers,  with  3-inch  T.  and  G. 
boarding  on  top,  covered  with  5-ply  tar  and  gravel  roofing. 

Cold  Air  Ducts.  —  Wooden  air  ducts  are  provided  for  exhaust- 
ing the  air  from  the  various  rooms  to  the  fan  and  cooler,  and 
from  the  cooler  back  into  the  rooms. 

Insulation  for  the  main  suction  ducts  consists  of  two  layers 
f -inch  T.  and  G.  sheathing  with  double  insulating  papers  between 
and  l"xl"  battens  on  the  outside  covered  with  1-inch  T.  and  G. 
sheathing;  other  ducts  consist  of  double  boarding  with  insulating 
paper  between. 

The  ducts  are  placed  usually  on  each  side  of  the  room  close  to 
the  ceiling,  with  hardwood  slides  on  the  bottom  of  the  delivery 
ducts  and  on  the  sides  of  the  suction  ducts. 


144  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Coaling  Stations. 

Coaling  stations  are  erected  to  supply  engines  quickly  with 
coal,  to  reduce  delay  to  engines  and  to  release  coal  cars  as  soon 
as  possible,  to  take  care  of  all  coal  held  for  emergencies  (at  least 
three  days'  supply),  and  to  minimize  the  cost  of  handling. 

They  are  usually  built  at  divisional,  terminal,  and  other  points 
and  are  principally  constructed  of  wood,  though  concrete  and 
steel  are  coming  into  extensive  use  for  this  class  of  structure. 
Generally  speaking,  no  mechanical  plant  can  handle  coal,  ashes, 
and  sand  with  the  same  mechanism  and  do  it  efficiently;  the 
nature  of  the  materials  is  such  as  to  render  this  a  very  difficult 
matter. 

The  structure  is  usually  located  parallel  to  or  across  the  round- 
house tracks,  convenient  to  the  cinder  pits,  the  arrangement 
depending  upon  the  type  of  coaling  plant  adopted. 

Hand  Shoveling.  —  The  coal  is  shoveled  direct  from  flat- 
bottom  cars  into  the  locomotives,  the  track  being  elevated  in 
some  cases  to  facilitate  shoveling;  this  method  is  probably  the 
cheapest  for  very  small  amounts. 

The  cost  of  elevated  track  depends  on  the  nature  of  the  ground. 
In  many  cases  the  location  may  lend  itself  to  make  this  a  very 
easy  and  cheap  method.  When  a  trestle  or  fill  has  to  be  made  the 
approximate  cost  would  be  $250  to  $500. 

Jib  Crane  and  Buckets.  —  Where  the  demand  is  somewhat 
heavier  than  the  above,  but  quick  service  is  not  essential,  a  plat- 
form is  added  and  one-ton  buckets  used  for  storage,  the  buckets 
being  filled  when  convenient  and  held  ready  for  service  when 
required.  A  jib  crane  operated  by  air  is  used  to  hoist  and  dump 
the  buckets.  This  method  is  also  cheap  for  a  limited  quantity, 
when  air  can  be  piped  from  the  boiler  house  close  by.  The 
same  remarks  in  connection  with  the  elevated  track  for  hand 
shoveling  will  apply  here  also,  and  the  approximate  cost  would 
average  $750  to  $1500  or  more. 

When  a  platform  is  used  alone  the  cost  would  average  from 
25  to  50  cents  per  square  foot  of  platform. 

Mechanical  Plants.  —  The  ordinary  mechanical  plants,  con- 
sisting of  elevated  pockets  fed  by  endless  chain,  belt,  or  buckets, 
are  arranged  to  hold  from  30  to  800  tons  or  more;  the  amount 


COALING   STATIONS.  145 

of  coal  elevated  per  day  depending  upon  the  capacity  required, 
the  number  of  tracks  to  be  served,  and  the  storage  necessary  for 
emergencies. 

The  cost  of  a  mechanical  type  of  coaling  plant  varies  accord- 
ing to  capacity  and  style  of  plant  adopted,  and  may  range  from 
$20  to  $75  per  ton  capacity.  In  cases  where  it  is  necessary 
to  weigh  the  coal  taken  by  locomotives  the  cost  is  somewhat 
increased. 

In  figuring  the  cost  of  handling  coal  the  unit  considered  is 
generally  one  ton  of  2000  pounds. 

To  make  a  fair  comparison  for  any  type  the  following  items 
should  be  estimated  and  fair  values  given  to  each. 
Capacity  of  Plant. 

Interest  on  first  cost 6  per  cent. 

Depreciation 10  per  cent  to  20  per  cent. 

Operation. 
Maintenance. 
Car  storage. 
Switching  charges. 

Capacity  of  Plant.  —  In  addition  to  the  tons  of  coal  handled 
per  day,  the  .storage  capacity  of  the  plant  should  be  considered. 

Car  Storage.  —  Car  storage  is   usually  much   more  expensive 

than  storing  in  bins.     Figuring  a  car  holds  40  tons,  and  that  it  is 

worth  a  dollar  a  day,  storage  in  cars  costs  2J  cents  per  ton  per  day. 

Self-clearing  cars  can  be  unloaded  into  a  hopper  at  from  5  to  6 

cents  less  per  ton  than  from  flat-bottom  cars  by  hand. 

Switching.  —  When  coal  is  delivered  in  self-clearing  cars  and 
dumped  into  a  hopper,  tracks  can  be  arranged  so  that  cars  can  be 
handled  by  gravity,  without  the  need  of  a  switcher,  thereby  reduc- 
ing the  cost  of  operation. 

Two=pocket  Plant,  Single  Track,  Wood  Structure.  —  Fig.  66 
illustrates  a  two-pocket  single-track  McHenry  coaling  plant  with 
dynamometer  weighing  device  to  each  pocket  so  that  the  amount 
of  coal  taken  by  each  tender  can  be  recorded.  Capacity  70  tons. 
Cost  complete  $4000  to  $5500. 

Four=pocket  Plant,  Single  Track/Wood  Structure.— Fig.  67 
illustrates  a  four-pocket,  single-track  McHenry  coaling  plant  with 
weighing  device  to  each  pocket.  Capacity  140  tons.  Cost  com- 
plete $8000  to  $9500. 


146 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  66.     Two-Pocket  McHeDry  Coaling  Plant. 


ess 


Coal         Car        Track                                         r-7 

\ 

Hopper    / 

«.* 

Engine 
Shed 

Cen.  Line  of 

Conveyor 

| 

SP 

Coal 
Pocket 

Coal 
Pocket 

Coal 
Pocket 

Coal 

Pocket 

1       f1 

1  1                                            4 

Enjrine           Track                                             -i-  -^ 

Fig.  67.     Four-Pocket  McHenry  Coaling  Plant. 


COALING  STATIONS.  147 

In  the  two  and  four  pocket  plants  the  coal  car  is  spotted  over 
the  hopper  and  dumped,  the  coal  running  by  gravity  into  the  boot, 
where  it  is  hoisted  by  endless  chain  and  bucket  method  to  the 
pockets  above.  On  the  upper  horizontal  run  the  coal  is  scraped 
along  the  conveyor.  Gates  are  provided  to  each  pocket  so  that  the 
coal  may  be  dumped  into  any  one  desired  by  leaving  the  gate  open. 
In  the  four-pocket  plant  the  chains  and  buckets  make  an  entire 
circuit  round  the  house,  the  drive  being  set  above  the  up-shaft  end. 
The  engine  house  with  steam  or  gasoline  power  is  placed  a  little 
beyond  the  coal  structure,  and  a  rope  drive  connects  the  engine 
with  the  main  drive  above.  If  desired,  the  mechanism  can  be 
motor  driven  direct  or  by  pulley,  thus  dispensing  with  the  engine 
house,  when  electric  power  can  be  obtained.  The  chain  speed  is 
65  feet  per  minute  and  the  power  consumption  about  12  to  15 
horsepower.  The  space  under  the  pockets  may  be  boarded  and 
used  for  storage  purposes. 

Four=pocket,  Three=track  Plant,  Wood  Structure. —  Fig.  68 
illustrates  a  four-pocket,  150-ton  elevated  capacity,  three-track 
coaling  plant.  Cost  complete  $10,000  to  $12,000  with  dynamometer 
weighing  device  to  each  pocket,  so  that  the  amount  of  coal  taken 
by  each  tender  is  recorded.  Under  the  elevated  pockets  next  to 
the  coal  hopper  the  space  is  boarded  and  used  for  storage  purposes 
if  desired,  gates  being  provided  so  that  the  coal  can  flow  back  into 
the  hopper  and  be  re-elevated  when  necessary. 

This  structure  is  a  modification  of  the  McHenry  type  of  coaling 
plant,  and  consists  of  two  double  elevated  coal  pockets,  located 
between  three  tracks  and  connected  together  on  top  by  a  house 
spanning  two  tracks;  the  bottom  hopper,  into  which  the  coal  is 
dumped,  is  located  behind  the  main  pocket  on  one  side,  and  is  ele- 
vated 6  feet  6  inches  above  the  locomotive  service  track,  and  made 
wide  enough  to  take  side-dump  as  well  as  center-dump  cars. 

The  elevating  mechanism  consists  of  endless  chain  and  buckets 
and  a  steel  boot.  From  the  bottom  of  the  hopper  the  chain  is  car- 
ried up  and  over  the  house  across  the  tracks,  returning  under  the 
floor,  and  back  to  the  boot.  The  drive  is  run  by  electric  motor 
controlled  by  a  switch  on  the  ground  near  the  coal  dump  hopper 
for  the  convenient  use  of  the  operator. 

When  the  coal  is  dumped  into  the  hopper  it  flows  by  gravity 
into  the  boot,  regulated  by  a  gate,  and  is  picked  up  by  the  endless 


148 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  68.    Three-Track  Coaling  Plant. 


COALING    STATIONS.  149 

buckets  and  hoisted  up  to  the  elevated  pockets  above  and  along  the 
horizontal  trough  over  the  track.  Openings  with  slide  doors  and 
chutes  are  arranged  to  supply  any  pocket  with  coal  when  desired. 
The  chain  speed  is  65  feet  per  minute  and  the  power  consumption 
about  20  horsepower. 

Sand  Tower.  —  With  the  foregoing  arrangement  three  tracks 
are  provided  for  coaling  locomotives,  and  the  space  between  the 
elevated  pockets  facing  the  track  may  be  used  as  a  sand  tower,  so 
arranged  that  sand  can  be  furnished  on  two  tracks,  the  sand  being 
elevated  by  air  pressure  from  a  cylinder  in  the  drying  room  through 
inclined  pipes,  the  sand  house  being  located  between  the  two 
tracks  about  50  feet  ahead  of  the  structure.  The  cost  of  the  wood 
sand  house  lined  with  galvanized  iron  on  the  outside,  including 
sand  bins  between  coal  pockets  and  all  mechanism,  averages  from 
$1200  to  $1500. 

Balanced  Bucket  or  Holman  Type.  (Fig.  69.)  —  The  elevated 
pocket  has  a  capacity  of  350  tons.  The  coal  car  is  spotted  over  the 
hopper  and  fed  by  gravity  into  two  vertical  cars  that  are  alter- 
nately hoisted  and  lowered,  one  going  up  as  the  other  comes  down. 
The  buckets  are  automatically  fed  and  dumped  by  feed  device  and 
tripping  arrangements,  the  buckets  being  designed  to  hold  three 
tons  and  are  self-clearing. 

They  are  operated  by  hoist  with  cable  drive  and  25  horsepower 
motor  controlled  by  the  operator  in  the  engine  room.  At  a  speed 
of  60  feet  per  minute  100  tons  can  be  delivered  to  the  elevated 
pocket  per  hour. 

The  approximate  cost  of  the  plant  complete  averages  from 
$12,000  to  $15,000. 

Belt  Conveyor.  (Fig.  70.)  —  This  plant  may  consist  of  one  or 
a  series  of  pockets  with  an  inclined  belt  on  a  25-degree  slope,  fed 
from  a  track  hopper  beneath  the  coal  car  track,  the  coal  being 
delivered  to  the  belt  by  automatic  feeders. 

A  30  inches  wide  belt,  180  feet  run,  with  a  speed  of  100  feet  per 
minute  will  deliver  50  tons  per  hour. 

The  belt  and  its  supports  with  a  gang  walk  is  usually  housed 
in  and  supported  by  trestle,  under  which  the  engine  room  is 
placed. 

The  coal  pockets  are  wood  construction  usually,  and  a  sand  shed 
beneath  the  coal  wharf  can  be  arranged  and  the  sand  shot  by  air 


150 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  69.     Balanced  Bucket  Type  Coaling  Plant. 


COALING   STATIONS. 


151 


to  a  storage  tank  at  the  top  of  the  bin,  from  which  it  is  piped  to 
the  engines  as  required. 

The  approximate  cost  of  a  wooden  structure,  single  pocket,  500 
tons  capacity  plant,  including  sand  house,  etc.,  complete,  averages 
from  $12,000  to  $18,000. 


Fig.  70.     Belt  Conveyor  Type  of  Coaling  Plant. 

Locomotive  Crane.  (Fig.  71.) — With  the  locomotive  crane 
the  coal  is  taken  direct  from  flat-bottom  cars  by  grab  buckets 
and  hoisted  into  the  tender.  When  self-clearing  cars  are  used  a 
pit  is  constructed  and  the  coal  dumped,  from  which  it  is  handled 
by  the  crane. 


Fig.  71.     Coaling  Crane. 


To  avoid  delays  to  locomotives  elevated  pockets  are  some- 
times built  and  the  coal  hoisted  by  a  long  boom  crane.     With 


152 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


proper  structural  facilities  the  crane  can  also  handle  cinders, 
and  in  some  cases  the  sand,  and  is  available  at  odd  times  for 
switching  cars. 

The  cost  of  the  locomotive  crane  set  up  complete  depends  on 
its  capacity  and  may  vary  from  $5000  to  $9500  or  more.  The 
cost  of  storage  pit  and  elevated  pockets  when  desired  is  also  a 
very  variable  quantity.  In  addition  a  certain  amount  of  special 
track  and  yard  room  has  to  be  figured. 

A  one-ton  bucket  and  42-foot  boom  crane  with  a  50-ton  ele- 
vated pocket,  including  the  extra  track  arrangement,  would 
average  $7500  to  $9500. 

The  cost  of  handling  coal  by  crane  depends  upon  the  scheme 
of  coaling  facilities  and  the  work  it  can  do  in  handling  ashes, 
etc.,  at  odd  times. 


Eig.  72.     Trestle  Type  Coaling  Plant. 

Elevated  Chutes  (Trestle  Type).  (Fig.  72.)  —  For  flat-bottom 
car  service  where  the  coal  is  shoveled  by  hand  into  elevated 
bins,  the  trestle  requires  to  be  at  least  25  feet  above  the  engine 
track. 

If  the  cars  are  pushed  up  the  trestle  by  a  switching  engine, 


COALING   STATIONS.  153 

the  grade  should  not  be  more  than  5  per  cent;  if  by  stationary 
hoisting  engine,  this  can  be  increased  to  20  per  cent. 

For  the  trestle  type  of  coaling  station  the  hoisting  engine  is 
considered  the  best  way  to  elevate  the  coal.  The  switching  of 
the  cars  on  the  trestle  by  ordinary  locomotives  is  considered 
dangerous  and  expensive. 

This  plant  consists  of  a  wood  trestle  5  per  cent  grade,  with 
two  100-ton  pockets  and  sand  bin  located  between  tracks. 

The  approximate  cost  complete  is  from  $15,000  to  $18,000. 


154  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Coal  Storage. 

Towers.  —  For  hoisting  coal  from  boats  to  storage  pockets  on 
wharfs,  or  coal  storage  adjacent  to  the  wharfs,  the  elevated 
tower  type  of  hoist  is  principally  used,  either  built  stationary  on 
the  wharf  or  arranged  to  run  on  track  and  trestle. 

For  quick  service  the  one-man  steeple  type  is  used,  requiring 
two  engines,  one  operating  the  grab  shovel  and  the  other  to  run 
the  trolley  in  and  out  on  the  boom. 

The  ordinary  sizes  and  capacities  are: 

One-ton  shovel,  average  capacity  400  to  500  tons  per  10  hours. 

Two-ton  shovel,  average  capacity  600  to  700  tons  per  10  hours. 

Two  and  one-half-ton  shovel,  average  capacity  700  to  800  tons 
per  10  hours. 

Where  favorable  conditions  exist  the  above  capacities  can  be 
increased  50  to  100  per  cent. 

The  bucket  is  operated  by  two  steel  wire  ropes  or  flat  link 
chains  from  independent  drums  on  the  hoisting  engine,  one  clos- 
ing the  shovel  in  the  coal  while  the  other  is  hanging  slack.  When 
the  shovel  has  been  closed  both  chains  are  used  to  hoist  it. 

The  operations  of  filling  and  dumping  are  automatic,  excepting 
at  the  last,  a  few  laborers  are  required  for  cleaning  up. 

Approximate  cost.  —  As  most  all  towers  have  to  be  built 
specially  to  suit  the  varying  local  conditions  the  cost  is  extremely 
variable,  depending  upon  the  condition  of  wharf,  service  required, 
etc.  For  estimating  purposes  $20,000  to  $30,000  is  a  fair  average 
price  for  one  steel  tower  installed  complete,  with  two-ton  shovel. 

Towers  and  Cable  Railway.  —  When  the  storage  yard  is 
some  distance  from  the  wharf  a  cable  railway  is  very  often  oper- 
ated in  conjunction  with  the  coal  hoists.  The  cable  cars,  holding 
one  to  three  tons,  are  fed  from  the  tower  hopper  and  make  a  cir- 
cuit or  continuous  loop  around  the  building  or  yard  on  an  elevated 
trestle  track,  automatically  dumping  the  coal  at  any  point  desired. 

The  cost  of  trestle  and  cable  railway  system  will  vary  with 
local  conditions,  storage  capacity  and  service  required.  The  cable 
car  trestle  may  range  from  $10  to  $50  per  foot;  the  cable  cars 
$200  to  $300  each;  the  engine  drives,  power  house,  boilers,  etc., 
are  all  too  variable  to  give  approximate  costs  that  would  be  of 
any  value. 


COAL  STORAGE.  155 

When  the  coal  is  dumped  on  the  ground  it  may  be  rehandled 
again  by  steam  cranes  into  cars,  tracks  for  which  are  usually 
provided. 

Towers,  Cable  Railway,  and  Traveling  Bridge.  —  When 
the  storage  and  rehandling  of  coal  are  extremely  large,  the  towers 
and  cable  railway  are  further  supplemented  with  traveling  bridges, 
which  span  the  yard  and  transfer  the  cable  cars  across  its  length 
so  that  the  coal  can  be  dumped  over  the  whole  storage  area.  In 
some  instances  the  entire  plant  —  tower,  cable  railway,  and  bridge 
—  moves  together  on  the  wharf. 

Fig.  73  illustrates  a  scheme  for  handling  enormous  quantities 
of  coal  designed  by  the  Mead  Morrison  Company  of  Chicago. 

The  coal  is  hoisted  from  the  boats  at  the  wharf  by  the  ordi- 
nary tower  cranes  and  hoppers  into  cable  cars  that  circuit  around 
the  wharf  and  up  the  center  of  the  storage  yard  on  an  elevated 
trestle.  On  either  side  of  the  yard  is  a  traveling  bridge  which 
transfers  the  cable  cars  at  any  point  across  the  yard.  By  this 
scheme  all  of  the  ground  can  be  utilized  for  storage.  The  elevated 
coal  pockets  are  arranged  under  the  cable  car  trestle  and  car  tracks 
run  alongside.  The  coal  is  rehoisted  from  the  pile  from  both  sides 
of  the  bridge  and  trolleyed  to  the  hopper  ends,  where  it  is  redumped 
into  the  cable  cars  and  run  to  the  elevated  storage  or  to  any  point 
desired. 

A  plant  of  this  size  would  handle  2000  to  3000  tons  per  day, 
and  the  approximate  cost  of  equipment  installed  complete  would 
average  $350,000  to  $500,000. 


156 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


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ASH   PITS.  157 

Ash  Pits. 

Ash  pits  are  required  at  divisional  and  other  points  so  that 
ash  pans  of  locomotives  can  be  cleaned  out. 

The  pits  are  usually  placed  convenient  to  the  coal  and  water 
supply,  and  within  easy  reach  of  the  turntable. 

There  seems  to  be  a  tendency  at  the  present  time  to  locate  the 
ash  pits  inside  or  adjacent  to  the  engine  house,  so  that  the  work 
may  be  done  under  cover,  and  thus  facilitate  inspection  with  less 
engine  movement. 

The  time  required  to  clean  a  locomotive  ash  pan  is  from  twenty 
to  sixty  minutes,  depending  on  weather  and  other  conditions, 
hence  the  type  of  ash  pit  to  select  depends  on  the  number  of 
engines  to  be  handled  and  the  time  in  which  it  has  to  be  done. 

Construction.  —  The  walls  are  usually  built  of  stone  or  con- 
crete or  12"X12"  cedar  timbers.  When  concrete  is  used  a  lining 
of  fire  brick  is  built  on  the  inside  face  of  walls,  and  when  of  tim- 
ber old  boiler  plate  is  used.  The  lining  of  fire  brick  or  other 
protection  is  necessary  to  protect  the  walls  from  the  detrimental 
effect  of  hot  ashes.  .On  account  of  the  wave  action  when  the 
engines  travel  over  the  pit  it  is  difficult  to  keep  the  rails  anchored 
to  the  masonry,  and  for  this  reason  wood  stringers,  or  cast-iron 
rail  chairs  3-foot  to  4-foot  centers  are  used  frequently.  The  wood 
stringers  are  protected  by  a  covering  of  sheet  metal. 

Water  is  used  to  cool  the  ashes,  and  this  necessitates  a  water 
service  with  hose  connection,  valves,  etc.,  and  proper  drainage. 
A  sump  hole  12  inches  wide  and  12  inches  deep  at  one  end  of 
the  pit,  with  the  floor  dished  so  as  to  drain  to  the  sump,  serves 
the  purpose,  the  outlet  to  drain  being  placed  on  the  side  of  the 
wall  about  6  inches  above  the  floor  of  sump. 


14  Stringer 


Fig.  74.     Shallow  Ash  Pit. 

Shallow  Pit.  (Fig.  74.) — This  type  of  pit  is  built  in  long 
lengths,  and  necessitates  sufficient  help  being  on  hand  to  remove 
the  ashes  promptly.  It  is  also  used  for  temporary  work  during 
construction  and  occasionally  on  main  lines. 

Approximate  cost,  $5  to  $7  per  lineal  foot  complete. 


158 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Deep  Ash  Pit,  Closed  Sides.    (Fig.  75.)— The  deep  ash  pit  is 
constructed  somewhat  after  the  ordinary  engine  house  pit,  built 


Fig.  75.     Deep  Ash  Pit. 

33  feet  long  and  over.  When  two  pits  are  placed  on  the  same 
track  they  should  be  at  least  50  feet  apart.  The  ashes  may  be 
dumped  directly  into  the  pit  and  then  shoveled  out  by  hand,  or 
small  ash  cars  or  buckets  may  be  used  under  the  engines  to 
catch  the  cinders,  the  buckets  being  hoisted  out  by  crane  or  air 
hoist  when  the  track  is  clear. 

Approximate  cost,  $8  to  $10  per  lineal  foot  without  buckets  or 
hoist.  Cost,  $17  to  $35  per  lineal  foot  with  buckets  and  hoist. 
A  pit  33  feet  long  with  two  ends  would  average  $300  complete. 


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Fig.  76.     Deep  Open  Ash  Pit. 

Deep  Ash  Pit,  Open  One  Side.  (Fig.  76.)  — This  pit  is  similar  to 
Fig.  75,  excepting  that  the  pit  is  open  on  one  side  and  the 
outer  rail  is  supported  by  cast-iron  posts.  The  ashes  may  be 
dumped  and  shoveled  out  by  hand  while  the  engine  is  over  the 
pit,  or  small  ash  cars  or  buckets  may  be  used  to  catch  the  cinders, 
arranged  to  be  pulled  out  from  the  sides  and  then  hoisted  by 


MECHANICAL    ASH  PLANTS. 


159 


crane  to  dump  into  ash  car.     The  latter  method  is  known  as 
the  Ord  type  of  ash  pit. 

Approximate  cost,  $18  to  $25  per  lineal  foot  without  buckets 
or  hoist.  Approximate  cost,  $35  to  $50  per  lineal  foot  with  ash 
buckets  and  air  hoist. 


Tie  Rod 


-2-80  Ib.Rails 


Fig.  77.    Depressed  Ash  Pit. 

Depressed  Pit.  (Fig.  77.)  — This  pit  is  similar  to  Fig.  76  with 
a  depressed  ash  car  track  on  the  outside,  the  ashes  being 
shoveled  direct  into  the  cinder  car. 

Approximate  cost,  $25  to  $35  per  lineal  foot. 


Mechanical  Ash  Plants. 

Ashes  are  best  handled  in  bulk,  so  that  most  mechanical  plants 
are  arranged  to  dump  the  ashes  directly  into  small  cars  or 
buckets  under  the  engine  tracks,  the  small  cars  running  on  tracks 
at  right  angles  to  the  pit  so  that  they  can  be  pulled  out  and 
hoisted  by  trolley,  crane,  or  other  device  and  automatically 
dumped  into  the  cinder  car. 

Gantry  Crane.  (Fig.  78.) — The  trolley  beam  is  hinged  at 
one  end  and  is  worked  by  air  cylinder,  with  sheaves  fastened  to 
the  gantry  frame.  The  crane  is  moved  along  the  track  by 


160 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  78.     Gantry  Crane. 


Fig.  79.     Ord  Ash  Pit. 


Fig.  80.     Dump  Bucket  and  Hoist. 


MECHANICAL  ASH  PLANTS.  161 

geared  hand  wheels,  one  on  each  side,  and  the  air  is  conveyed  to 
the  cylinder  by  hose  pipe  suspended  on  trolleys  on  an  overhead 
wire.  The  supply  of  air  is  generally  obtained  from  the  engine  or 
boiler  house  close  by. 

When  the  engines  are  off  the  ash  pit,  the  gantry  frame  picks 
up  the  filled  ash  baskets  and  runs  them  by  trolley  to  the  ash  car, 
where  they  are  automatically  dumped.  By  lowering  the  boom 
the  basket  is  returned  to  the  ash  pit. 

Approximate  cost  complete,  with  6  ash  baskets,  $800  to  $1200. 

Ord  Ash  Pit.  (Fig.  79.) — The  ash  baskets  are  placed  under 
locomotive  ash  pan  and  pulled  out  from  the  side  and  hoisted  by 
air  crane  and  dumped  without  interfering  with  the  movement  of 
engines.  The  rails  on  which  the  ash  baskets  run  are  made  of 
pipe,  in  which  steam  circulates,  keeping  the  pit  free  of  snow  and 
preventing  the  water  used  in  cooling  the  ashes  from  freezing. 

Approximate  cost  of  a  single-track  30-foot  ash  pit  with  crane 
and  four  ash  baskets  complete,  $1200  to  $2000. 

Dump  Bucket  and  Hoist.  (Fig.  80. )  —  The  engines  are  cleaned 
out  over  the  track  hoppers  and  the  ashes  dumped  and  run 
into  a  detachable  bottom  dump  bucket  in  the  cross  pit.  A 
man  in  the  pit  operates  the  hopper  gates  and  chutes  and  moves 
the  buckets  when  filled,  to  the  hoist,  where  they  are  raised  and 
automatically  dumped  into  the  ash  car.  Perforated  water  pipes 
are  placed  around  the  sides  of  the  ash  hopper  for  cooling  off  the 
hot  cinders.  This  type  of  pit  is  used  by  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road at  Cleveland  and  Alliance. 

Approximate  cost  of  installation  is  said  to  be  about  $5000. 


162  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Sand   Houses. 

At  divisional  and  other  points  where  engines  are  housed,  pro- 
vision is  usually  made  to  supply  locomotives  with  sand  to  use  in 
case  of  slipping  on  heavy  grades  or  on  account  of  climatic  condi- 
tions. This  generally  consists  of  a  small  wooden  house  with  an 
extension  wet  sand  storage  bin  and  an  elevated  dry  sand  box  or 
tower,  into  which  the  sand  is  elevated  by  manual  labor  or  some 
mechanical  hoisting  device  or  by  blowing  it  through  a  pipe  by 
compressed  air,  where  it  is  stored  and  run  by  gravity  to  the  sand 
box  of  the  locomotive  when  required.  The  shed  is  generally 
arranged  so  that  the  wet  sand  can  be  conveniently  delivered  and 
shoveled  from  cars  to  the  storage  bin,  the  bin  being  sufficient  to 
hold  at  least  one  carload.  A  small  room  is  provided  to  house  in 
the  sand  drier  and  hoisting  mechanism,  etc. 

Instead  of  hoisting  the  sand  into  elevated  hoppers,  a  platform 
is  often  used  on  which  dry  sand  is  placed  in  buckets  arranged  so 
that  they  can  be  easily  handled  by  the  enginemen,  the  platform 
being  placed  alongside  the  engine  track  on  a  level  with  the  foot- 
board of  engines. 

The  sand  is  dried  by  cast  or  sheet  iron  drying  stoves,  or  by  steam 
pipe  troughs,  and  is  generally  screened  before  being  placed  for  use. 

The  sand  house  is  usually  located  in  close  proximity  to  the  coal 
and  water  supply,  so  that  engines  when  taking  coal  or  water  can  at 
the  same  time  obtain  their  supply  of  sand. 

Approximate  cost.  (Fig.  81.) — 32  feet  long,  13  feet  wide,  con- 
sisting of  wet  sand  bin  16'  X  12',  drying  room  14'  X  12',  small 
coal  bin,  sand  drier  and  screen,  compressed  air  cylinder  and  ele- 
vated sand  tower,  masonry  foundation,  $700  to  $900.  With  wood 
foundation,  balance  as  above,  $600  to  $700. 

Construction.  —  Wood  sills  or  masonry  foundation,  concrete 
floor  in  sand-drying  house,  frame  walls,  2-inch  plank  on  4"  X  4" 
studs  at  4-foot  centers,  lined  on  the  outside  with  corrugated  iron; 
no  finish  inside;  roof,  3-inch  plank  with  6"  X  8"  beam,  tar  and 
gravel  finish;  tower,  8"  X  8"  posts  well  anchored  to  base  at  floor 
level,  height  about  30  feet  from  base  of  rail  to  center  of  sand  stor- 
age, braced  with  2"  X  6"  horizontal  and  cross  timbers;  sand  tower 
walls  2-inch  plank  with  corner  posts,  roofed  over  with  f-inch  T.  and 
G.  boards,  covered  with  shingles  and  building  paper  between  boards. 


SAND   HOUSES. 


163 


12*Hardwood 


TRACK  ELEV. 


SECTION 


Fig.  81. 


Cedar  Posts 


PLAN 


164 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


The  tower  is  provided  with  sand  valve  and  spout  with  rubber  hose 
at  end  for  running  the  sand  to  the  engines. 

Wet  Sand  Storage.  —  Two-inch  plank  walls  supported  by  8"  X  8" 
posts  about  8-foot  centers,  set  on  cedar  sills  on  the  ground,  or  the 
posts  may  extend  into  the  ground  5  feet  or  thereabout;  roofing 
2-inch  plank  and  8"  X  8*  rafters,  with  tar  and  gravel  finish.  The 
length  of  wet  sand  bin  varies  to  suit  conditions. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost. 


Quantities. 

Mate- 
rial. 

Labor. 

Total 
unit. 

Cost. 

40  cubic  yards  excavation     .... 

$0  50 

$20  00 

24  cubic  yards  concrete  

$3  50 

$3  50 

7  00 

168  00 

8  cubic  yards  sand  fill     

.50 

4  00 

8000  feet  board  measure  lumber,  per  thousand 
2  doors  

18.00 
5.00 

17.00 
2.50 

35.00 
7.50 

280.00 
15  00 

1  window  

6.00 

3.00 

9.00 

9.00 

1  sand-drying  furnace  with  cast-iron  smoke 
jack  and  piping     

20.00 

23.00 

43  00 

1  compressed  air  sand  cylinder 

25  00 

30  00 

55  00 

30  feet  2^-inch  pipe 

16 

17 

33 

10  00 

1  glove  valve 

1  75 

50 

2  25 

1  drain  cock 

75 

25 

1  00 

5  squares  galvanized  or  corrugated  iron,  per 
square 

4  00 

3  00 

7  00 

35  00 

Sand  screen  

2  00 

50 

2  50 

1  sway  supply  spout  with  connections  
1£  squares  shingles,  per  square  (100  square 
feet)  

20.00 
2  00 

9.25 
2.00 

4  00 

29.25 
6.00 

4  squares  tar  and  gravel  roof,  per  square  (100 
square  feet)  

2.50 

2.50 

5.00 

20.00 

Painting 

14  00 

16  00 

30  00 

Concrete  floor 

8  00 

12  00 

20  00 

$750.00 
If  wood  foundation  is  used  under  sand-drying  room,  deduct 150.00 

$600.00 


OF  THt 

UNIVERSITY 


TRACK  SCALES.  165 

Track  Scales. 

The  ordinary  railroad  track  scales  for  freight-car  service  are 
100  to  150  tons  capacity,  and  are  usually  placed  on  masonry  foun- 
dations, with  timber  frame  and  platform,  provided  with  dead  and 
live  rails. 

The  scales  are  usually  placed  between  the  receiving  and  separat- 
ing yards,  or  on  one  side  of  the  main  yard,  parallel  with  and  next  to 
the  switching  track  convenient  to  the  main  line. 

Size,  8  feet  wide,  42  feet  long,  and  about  6  feet  deep,  with  exten- 
sion on  one  side  for  the  registering  beam,  and  a  shelter  over  for  the 
weigher,  when  desired. 

Approximate  cost.  —  100  tons  capacity  scale,  masonry  founda- 
tion, wood  scale  frame,  registering  machine,  shelter,  dead  and  live 
track,  platform,  etc.,  all  complete,  $2600  to  $3600. 

100  tons  capacity  scale,  similar  to  above,  with  steel  scale  frame 
and  cross  ties  (no  dead  track),  all  complete,  $2900  to  $3700. 

125  tons  capacity  scale,  similar  to  above,  dead  and  live  track, 
with  wood  scale  frame,  all  complete,  $2800  to  $3400. 

125  tons  capacity  scale,  similar  to  above,  with  steel  scale  frame 
and  cross  ties  (no  dead  track),  all  complete,  $3200  to  $3900. 

150  tons  capacity  scale,  similar  to  above,  with  wood  scale  frame, 
dead  and  live  track,  all  complete,  $3000  to  $4000. 

150  tons  capacity  scale,  similar  to  above,  with  steel  scale  frame 
(no  dead  track),  all  complete,  $3500  to  $4500. 

Construction.  —  Masonry  walls,  pedestals,  and  concrete  floor 
with  drain,  usually  built  from  plans  supplied  by  the  scale  company. 

Steel  or  timber  frame  for  supporting  the  scale  in  accordance 
with  the  makers'  details,  including  platform,  registering  scale  box, 
dead  and  live  track,  etc. 

Shelter  6  feet  wide,  10  feet  long,  8  feet  high,  frame  building  on 
cedar  sills,  2X4  studs,  double  outside  boards  with  paper  between. 

Double  f-inch  floor  on  2"  X  4"  joists,  flat  roof  sloping  away 
from  scale,  with  2"  X  4"  rafters,  covered  with  |-inch  T.  and  G. 
boards  and  ready  roofing.  A  small  coal  bin  and  a  chimney  are 
provided. 


166  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost. 

100-ton  scales  (timber  scale  frame),  masonry  foundations,  etc. 

120  cubic  yards  excavation  at  50  cts $  60 . 00 

75  cubic  yards  masonry  at  $7 525 . 00 

7000  feet  board  measure  timber  at  $35 245 . 00 

300  pounds  iron  at  6  cts 18 . 00 

6-inch  tile  drain  (100  feet  laid)  at  65  cts 65 . 00 

$913.00 

Dead  and  live  rails,  2  tons  60-pound  steel  at  $33 $  66.00 

6  pairs  angle  bars  at  $50.40  per  ton 3 . 00 

Bolts  and  spikes  at  $62.50  per  ton 4 . 00 

2  turnouts  complete  at  $237 474 . 00 

Laying  switches  and  track 50 . 00 

597.00 

Installation  of  scales  and  freight $150 . 00 

Shelter 110.00 

260.00 

100  tons  capacity  scales  (wood  frame) $650.00    $1770.00 

Type  registering  machine 254.00        904.00 

$2674.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 266 . 00 

Total $2940.00 

150-ton  scales  (steel  scale  frame). 

140  cubic  yards  excavation  at  50  cts $  70 . 00 

90  cubic  yards  masonry  at  $7 630 . 00 

4000  feet  board  measure  timber  at  $35 140.00 

12,000  steel  at  4  cts 480.00 

6-inch  tile  drain  (100  feet  laid)  at  65  cts 65 . 00 

$1385.00 

Rails,  1  ton  60-pound  steel  at  $33 $  33 . 00 

3  pairs  angle  bars  at  $50.40  per  ton 1 . 50 

Bolts  and  spikes  at  $62.50  per  ton 2.00 

2  turnouts  complete  at  $237 474 . 00          ^ 

Laying  track 40 . 00 

Installation  of  scales,  freight,  etc 300 . 00 

Shelter 110.00 

860.50 

150  tons  capacity  scale  (steel  frame) $950 . 00 

Type  registering  machine 273 . 50 

1223.50 


$3469.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 331 . 00 

Total..  $3800.00 


STOCK  YARDS.  167 

Stock  Yards.     (Fig.  80.) 

Stock  yards  are  erected  at  way  stations  and  terminals  for 
receiving  cattle  for  shipment,  and  also  for  rest  and  feeding  pur- 
poses for  cattle  en  route.  The  yards  are  located  parallel  with 
the  siding  tracks  convenient  to  the  roadway  at  stock  business 
points. 

The  ordinary  wayside  station  stock  yard  consists  of  a  series 
of  fenced-in  pens,  with  feeding  and  water  troughs,  including  feed 
barns  and  shelters  when  necessary. 

The  terminal  stock  yards  are  usually  housed  in  and  are 
arranged  with  pens,  feeding  and  water  facilities,  to  suit  the 
different  classes  of  stock. 

The  usual  arrangement  is  to  provide  loading  and  unloading 
platforms  with  chutes  alongside  the  track.  The  platforms  are 
made  narrow  so  that  the  gates  of  the  chutes  when  open  shall 
come  close  to  the  cars  for  convenience  in  loading  the  cattle. 
The  chutes  lead  to  a  main  alleyway,  from  which  the  distribution 
of  pens  is  arranged,  the  pens  being  divided  to  hold  a  car  or 
portion  of  a  car  load,  and  made  so  as  to  open  into  one  another 
and  to  branch  alleyways  in  the  center,  so  that  the  cattle  may  be 
sorted  and  classified  if  desired.  Barns  and  shelters  are  erected 
on  the  branch  alleyways  for  feeding  purposes  when  necessary. 

In  addition  to  feeding  and  shelter  sheds,  water  has  also  to  be 
provided,  with  frost-proof  hydrant  valves  to  avoid  freezing,  the 
pipes  being  graded  to  drain  when  not  in  use. 

Construction.  —  The  construction  generally  is  cedar  posts 
6  inches  to  9  inches  in  diameter,  placed  5  to  6  foot  centers,  set  into 
the  ground  solid.  The  fencing  is  from  6  to  7  feet  high,  of  1  to  2  inch 
material,  with  3  to  8  inch  spaces  between.  Feed  racks  are  placed 
on  one  or  two  sides,  made  with  2"X6"  plank,  the  height  and 
width  varying  to  suit  the  stock.  Water  troughs  are  placed  on 
the  opposite  side  of  feed  racks,  and  are  made  of  2-inch  plank 
supported  on  2-inch  plank  brackets,  with  three-fourths  to  1  inch 
water  supply  taken  from  a  1^-inch  main  and  extending  above 
the  water  trough  with  a  goose  neck.  The  floor,  where  the  busi- 
ness amounts  to  anything,  is  usually  of  concrete  finished  rough. 

An  ordinary  20  car  capacity  stock  yard  would  consist  of  a 
4-foot  platform  placed  7  feet  from  rail,  with  4  loading  chutes 


168 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Chute 


PLAN  20  CAR  STOCK  YARD 


Fig.  82. 


STOCK  YARDS.  169 

40-foot  centers  and  3  unloading  chutes  ramped  down  to  main 
alleyway,  the  depth  varying  from  20  to  50  feet  or  more,  and  the 
depth  of  alleyway  12  to  13  feet  by  200  feet  long. 

The  area  covered  by  the  pens  behind  the  main  alleyway  would 
be  213  feet  long  and  160  feet  deep,  divided  into  10  pens,  and  one 
branch  alleyway  in  the  center  13  feet  wide.  The  pens  front  and 
back  would  be  50'X50',  and  the  center  ones  50' X 100'.  In  the 
branch  alleyways  two  shelters  and  two  hay  barns  are  erected 
projecting  into  the  center  pens  as  per  Fig.  82. 

Approximate  cost.  —  The  approximate  cost  of  open  stock 
yards  with  concrete  floor  averages  from  20  to  35  cents  per  square 
foot  of  area  covered. 

The  approximate  cost  of  a  20  car  capacity  stock  yard  with 
feed  racks,  water  troughs,  hay  barns,  shelter,  concrete  floor,  etc., 
complete,  $5500  to  $7500. 

The  cost  of  frame  barns  and  shelters,  from  50  to  75  cents  per 
square  foot. 

The  cost  of  enclosed  stock  yards,  concrete  floor  for  single-story 
frame  buildings  with  skylights,  etc.,  complete,  varies  from  65  to 
90  cents  per  square  foot  when  the  amount  is  fairly  large. 


170  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Snow  Sheds. 

Snow  sheds  are  erected  principally  to  protect  the  track  from 
snow  slides,  and  are  designed  to  suit  the  varying  conditions  for 
each  particular  locality. 

Level  fall  sheds  are  also  built  where  excessive  heavy  falls  of 
snow  are  frequent. 

What  might  be  termed  a  typical  shed,  Fig.  83,  built  with  cedar 
crib  on  the  inside  to  retain  the  earth,  and  rock  backing  from  the 
original  slope  line,  with  roof  over  track,  and  trestle  bent  sup- 
ports on  the  outside.  The  width  of  roadbed  is  made  sufficient  to 
take  summer  and  winter  tracks.  The  bents  on  the  outside  are 
spaced  4  to  8  feet  apart  and  sheathed  with  plank  2  to  4  inches 
thick,  depending  upon  the  span. 

Approximate  cost,  $45  to  $80  per  lineal  foot  of  shed  complete. 

A  gallery  shed  (Fig.  84)  is  built  with  round  or  square  timbers 
in  trestle  fashion  to  carry  slide  protection  back  to  slope,  and  the 
roof  over  the  track.  The  gallery  bents  are  built  4  to  12  feet 
apart,  with  run  beams  to  carry  the  roof  joists  and  planking. 

Approximate  cost,  $18  to  $45  per  lineal  foot  of  shed  complete. 

A  valley  shed  (Fig.  85)  consists  of  two  cribs  with  earth  and 
rock  backing  and  roof  over  tracks.  The  cribs  resist  the  impact 
from  sliding  masses  of  snow  that  may  come  from  either  side. 

Approximate  cost,  $70  to  $100  per  lineal  foot  of  shed  complete. 

The  crib  and  gallery  sheds  (Figs.  86  and  87)  are  a  combination 
of  crib  and  gallery  trestling  to  take  the  slope  with  roof  over  track 
and  timber  trestle  bents  on  the  outside. 

Approximate  cost,  $30  to  $60  per  lineal  foot  of  shed  complete. 

Level  fall  shed  not  exposed  to  slides.  The  side  walls  are  built 
of  round  or  square  timbers  sheathed  with  plank,  with  double- 
pitched  roof  over  track,  properly  braced,  with  openings  left  for 
ventilation.  The  width  varies  from  16  to  18  feet,  and  the  height 
20  to  22  feet  6  inches  clear,  the  bents  being  spaced  from  5  to  12 
feet  apart. 

Approximate  cost,  $10  to  $15  per  lineal  foot  of  shed  complete. 


SNOW   SHEDS. 


171 


TOE  CRIB  AND  GALLERY 
Fig.  86 


TOE  CRIB  AND  GALLERY 
Fig-87 


172  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES 


Locomotive  Turntables.  (Fig.  88.) 

The  two  types  in  use  are  the  deck  and  half-through  turntables 
varying  in  length  from  60  to  100  feet,  the  average  being  about 
70  feet. 

The  deck  is  used  where  foundation  is  suitable,  and  the  half- 
through  where  it  is  necessary  to  reduce  the  depth  of  pit  on  account 
of  the  character  of  the  ground. 

When  a  large  number  of  locomotives  have  to  be  turned  an  air  or 
electric  motor  is  installed.  Ordinarily,  however,  they  are  moved 
by  hand. 


Diam.  of'Pit- 


DECK  TUBMTAB1..E  HALF  THRO.TURNTABLE 

Fig.  88. 

Approximate  cost.  —  70-foot  turntable  and  pit,  masonry  walls 
and  cinder  floor,  installed  complete,  $7000  to  $8500. 

70-foot  turntable  and  pit,  wood  walls  and  earth  floor,  installed 
complete,  $4000  to  $5000. 

Construction.  —  The  turntable  has  solid  main  girders  made  up 
of  steel  plates  and  angles,  with  lateral  and  diagonal  stiffening 
frames  and  braces,  all  shop  riveted  and  shipped  ready  to  drop  into 
place  and  receive  the  floor.  The  table  is  supported  on  the  center 
pier  and  pivots  on  conical  rollers  or  steel  balls  encased  in  a  box 
with  bearing  plates  under,  fox  bolted  to  the  masonry.  The  end 
trailing  wheels  on  the  circular  rail  are  set  with  journal  boxes  in 
channel  irons  that  go  across  and  connect  with  the  girders.  The 
floor  consists  of  wood  ties  dimensioned  to  suit  the  span,  with  an 
inner  guard,  and  sometimes  a  narrow  2-inch  plank  sidewalk  on 
either  side. 

The  retaining  walls  and  center  pier  may  be  built  of  wood,  stone, 
or  concrete,  and  the  pit  floor  of  cinders,  good  gravel,  brick,  or 
concrete. 

The  circular  rail  for  the  trailing  wheels  is  usually  bolted  to  the 
walls,  and  the  ballast  walls  finished  on  top  with  hardwood  timbers 


LOCOMOTIVE  TURNTABLES.  173 

laid  flat  in  short  lengths  cut  to  radius  for  the  inside  face  and  held 
together  with  dog  irons. 

Approximate  estimate  of  70-foot  half-through  turntable  and  pit 
(Fig.  88).  Girders,  12  foot  7  inch  centers,  8"  X  16"  ties,  5"  X  10* 
guard  7  foot  6  inch  centers  ;  diameter  of  pit,  71  feet  6  inches; 
height  base  of  rail  to  circular  seat,  2  feet  2  inches ;  width,  3  feet 
9  inches  from  seat  to  pit  floor;  center  pier,  5J  feet  square  and 
3  feet  5  inches  from  base  of  rail  to  pier  seat;  depth  of  masonry, 
5  feet  below  pit  floor. 

Masonry   Foundations.  — 

998  cubic  yards  excavation  at  50  cts, $  499 . 00 

250  cubic  yards  concrete  at  $8.50 2125 . 00 

45  cubic  yards  broken  stone  or  coarse  gravel  (pit  floor)  at  $2  ....  90.00 

1000  pounds  iron  at  6  cts 60 . 00 

2£  tons  of  rail  at  $33 74 . 25 

i  ton  angle  bars  at  $51 12.75 

9000  feet  board  measure  timber  £oor  per  thousand  at  $35 315.00 

2600  feet  board  measure  timber  coping  (hardwood)  at  $45 117.00 

60,000-pound  steel  turntable  F.  O.  B.  cars,  at  5^  cts 3200 . 00 

60,000  pounds  freight  and  erection  at  £  ct 450 . 00 

1  grating 5 . 00 

80  lineal  feet  6-inch  vitrified  tile  pipe,  laid,  at  65  cts 52.00 

$7000.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 700. 00 

Total $7700.00 

Wood  pits  may  be  constructed  for  temporary  work.  This 
consists  of  a  grillage  of  12"  X  12"  timbers  for  center  pier  and 
ordinary  ties  sawn  in  two  placed  2-foot  centers  for  circular  wall, 
set  in  gravel  or  cinder  bed,  with  12"  X  12"  posts  well  braced 
and  3-inch  plank  retaining  wall  sufficient  for  one  track  approach. 

Approximate  estimate  of  cost  of  70-foot  half-through  turntable  and 
pit.  --  Wood  Foundations.  — 

General  dimension  above  pit  floor  same  as  previous  estimate, 

284  cubic  yards  excavation  at  50  cts $  142.00 

50  ties  at  40  cts 20.00 

2600  feet  board  measure  (grillage)  center  pier  per  thousand  at  $35  91.00 

200  pounds  iron  at  5  cts 10 . 00 

2i  tons  of  rail  at  $33 74.25 

i  ton  angle  bars  at  $51  12. 75 

60.000-pound  steel  turntable,  F.  O.  B.  cars,  at  5 £  cts 3200 . 00 

60,000  pounds  freight  and  erection  at  f  ct 450  00 

9000  feet  B.  M.  floor  per  M.  at  $35 315.00 

$4315.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies 400 . 00 

Total .  $4715.00 


174  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
WATER   STATIONS. 

General.  —  The  ordinary  railroad  water  station  usually  consists 
of  an  elevated  tank  for  storage  purposes,  a  pumping  outfit  or 
gravity  main  to  supply  the  tank,  and  standpipes  when  necessary 
for  convenient  service.  A  locomotive  consumes  from  30  to  100 
gallons  per  mile,  and  carries  from  2000  to  5000  gallons.  Owing  to 
mixed  traffic,  possible  detentions  and  climatic  conditions,  however, 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  place  water  stations  10  to  20  miles 
apart,  usually  at  regular  stopping  points  along  the  right  of  way. 

Purity.  —  As  the  water  is  to  be  used  principally  for  locomotive 
purposes,  a  sample  should  be  sent  to  the  company's  chemist  to  be 
analyzed  to  ascertain  if  it  is  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Conditions 
will  sometimes  make  it  necessary  to  treat  the  water  chemically 
to  render  it  soft  for  economical  boiler  service. 

The  treatment  may  be  lime  only,  when  the  hardness  is  due  to 
carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  or  soda  ash  when  the  hardness  is 
due  to  sulphates  of  lime  and  magnesia.  The  method  of  applying 
these  reagents  to  the  water  may  require  a  special  mechanical  out- 
fit, or  a  mixer  with  valve,  feed,  etc.,  connected  with  the  water  sup- 
ply, can  be  so  arranged  that  every  stroke  of  the  water  piston  may 
take  in  a  desired  portion  of  the  chemical  previously  made  ready. 
To  render  the  work  efficient,  it  should  be  closely  watched  and  super- 
vised by  the  company's  chemist  or  his  assistant. 

Supply.  —  When  a  municipal  water  service  is  established  and 
the  rates  are  favorable,  there  may  be  a  saving  in  obtaining  water 
by  meter  or  other  agreement.  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  how- 
ever, the  permanent  supply  is  usually  obtained  from  artesian  or 
driven  wells,  or  from  a  natural  lake,  river,  or  stream,  and  the  delivery 
may  be  by  gravity  or  by  pumping,  local  conditions  determining 
the  method  employed.  A  gravity  supply  usually  requires  a  dam  and 
spill-way  for  storage  purposes.  When  the  location  is  convenient 
and  a  permanent  and  abundant  supply  can  be  obtained  in  a  natural 
or  artificial  basin,  a  gravity  supply  is  the  most  economical.  For 
description  and  cost  of  dams,  see  page  203. 


WATER  STATIONS.  175 

Tanks.  —  The  amount  of  water  storage  required  for  locomotive 
purposes  depends  entirely  on  local  conditions.  Ordinarily  a  tank 
holding  40,000  to  50,000  gallons  of  water  is  about  the  average  in 
use,  although  60,000  and  100,000  gallon  tanks  are  very  common, 
and  in  some  instances  the  storage  tanks  are  as  low  as  6000  gallons. 
For  description  and  cost  of  water  tanks,  see  page  197. 

Standpipes.  —  Duplication  of  water  service  is  obtained  by  the 
use  of  water  columns  or  standpipes.  For  description  and  cost,  see 
page  201. 

Pumps.  —  When  practicable  the  pump  is  placed  under  the  tank, 
or  in  a  separate  pump  house  when  the  source  of  supply  renders  it 
necessary.  For  description  and  cost  of  pump  house,  see  page  196. 

The  pump  may  be  operated  by  air,  motor,  steam,  gasoline,  oil, 
gas,  or  electric  motor,  and  in  some  instances  by  the  hydraulic  ram 
driven  by  the  fall  or  force  of  running  water. 

The  most  popular  in  common  use  is  the  duplex  type  of  steam 
pump,  with  an  independent  vertical  boiler  to  supply  steam  to 
operate  the  pump,  or  a  steam  pipe  is  run  from  the  local  boiler  house 
when  convenient  and  the  pump  boiler  dispensed  with. 

The  gasoline  direct-connected  combined  pumper  is  also  favored 
to  a  large  extent. 

When  selecting  or  investigating  a  pump,  the  following  informa- 
tion is  necessary: 

(a)  Maximum  quantity  of  water  to  be  pumped  per  minute. 

(b)  Height  to  be  lifted  by  suction. 

(c)  Length   and  diameter  of  suction  pipe  and  number  of 

angles  or  turns. 

(d)  Height  to  which  water  has  to  be  forced,  from  pump  to 

top  of  tank. 

(e)  Length  and  diameter  of  delivery  pipe  and  number  of 

angles  or  turns. 
(/*)  Pressure  of  steam  to  be  used. 

When  the  above  information  is  known  the  following  should  be 
estimated: 

(a)  Capacity  (Table  43). 

(b  and  d)  Lift  (Table  44). 

(c  and  e)  Pipe  friction  (Table  45). 

(f)  Power  to  be  provided  to  raise  the  water,  to  overcome  the 

friction  of  the  water  in  pipes,  and  bends,  and  to  over- 
come the  friction  in  pump,  and  connections  to  the 
engine. 


176  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

The  lift  and  pipe  friction  pressures  equal  the  total  pressure 
against  which  the.  pump  has  to  work,  and  the  area  of  the  water 
cylinder  multiplied  by  this  pressure  equals  the  total  resistance. 

The  area  of  the  power  cylinder  multiplied  by  the  working 
pressure  equals  the  total  power  pressure,  and  the  ratio  of  power 
to  resistance  must  be  sufficient  to  move  the  piston  at  the  required 
speed.  For  this,  an  excess  of  33  to  50  per  cent  is  usually  allowed. 
When  the  capacity,  lift,  and  friction  heads  are  figured,  the  power 
necessary  to  drive  the  pump  may  be  obtained  from  Table  46. 

As  it  is  not  necessary  to  deliver  the  water  to  the  tank  at  high 
pressure,  steam  economy  is  obtained  when  the  ratio  of  steam 
and  water  piston  area  is  proportioned  for  the  actual  conditions, 
using,  of  course,  the  nearest  commercial  size  pump. 

Approximate  cost.  —  Pumps,  boilers,  etc.,  with  approximate 
cost  for  the  ordinary  run  of  tank  service,  may  be  obtained  from 
Table  39,  with  comparative  estimates  for  steam,  oil,  and  gaso- 
line outfits  on  page  179. 

Example.  —  A,  equals  200  gallons  per  minute;  B,  15  feet 
(pump  set  directly  over  well)  ;  C,  suction  pipe  5  inches  diameter, 
15  feet  deep  in  well,  one  elbow;  D,  45  feet;  E,  4  inches  diameter, 
delivery  pipe  5000  feet  in  length,  two  elbows;  F,  80  pounds 
boiler  pressure. 

Lift  or  actual  head  (B  +  D)  =  15  +  45  .........  equals     60  feet. 

Pipe  friction  (C)  5-inch  pipe  15  feet  long 

(Table  45)    .42  X  -^  ..............  equals      .063 

1  5-inch  elbow  (Table  45a)  ............  equals      .068 

(E)    4-inch    pipe    5000    feet    long  +  60  .- 


feet  =  5060  feet  =  1.22  X          -  .....  equals  61.732 

1UU 

2  4-inch  elbows  =  .172  X  2  ...........  equals       .344 

Total  pipe  friction  .  .  ...............  equals  62.207 

Equivalent  height  of  water  for  friction 

pressure  =  62.207  X  2.3  *  ..................  equals  143  feet. 

Total  head  against  which  the  pump  has 

to  work  ...................................  equals  203  feet. 

Referring  to  Table  39,  under  205  feet  head   an  8"  X  5"  XI  2" 
pump  is  given. 

*  2.3  =  height  of  water  for  1  pound  per  square  inch  pressure. 


WATER   STATIONS.  177 

Power.  —  Horsepower   necessary    to    raise    water    (Table    46) 

200  X  8J  X  203 

33000  =10.3  horsepower. 

Pump  friction,  back  pressure, 
and  steam  losses  say  40  per  cent  =   4.12  horsepower. 

Total,  14.42  horsepower. 

Engine  Horsepower.  Page  193.  —  Assuming  that  the  engine 
is  running  100  strokes  per  minute,  and  (F)  80  pounds  boiler 
pressure,  cutting  off  one-fourth  stroke. 

„  47.7  X  1  foot  X  2  X  50.26  X  100 

Horsepower  .  33QQO  =  14'5' 

Lift  and  pipe  friction  pressure      =  (203  feet)  =  87.93  pounds. 

Area  of  water  cylinder  (5  inches)  =  19.63. 

Total  resistance  =  19.63  X  87.93  =  1735  pounds. 

Area  of  steam  cylinder  (8  inches)  =  50.26. 

Working  pressure  =  47.7  pounds. 

Total  power  pressure  =  50.26  X  47.7  =  2397  pounds. 

Ratio  of  power  to  resistance  =  1.4  to  1,  or  40  per  cent. 


178 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE   39.-  DUPLEX  STEAM   PUMPS  AND  BOILERS.      DATA   OF  CAPACITY 
AND  APPROXIMATE    COST.   ETC. 


a 

•  W 

°*i 

in 

Equivalent. 

Pumps. 

Pipes. 

"8 

is, 

ll 

a 
a 
< 

Boilers. 

Approx.  cost  'of 
boiler. 

Approx.  total  cost 
pump  and  boiler 
in  place. 

1 

i 

£ 

00 

1 
£ 

Stroke. 

Suction. 

Discharge. 

CO 

Exhaust. 

b 

w 

Diameter. 

1 

i 

K 

2-in. 
tubes. 

Number. 

J3 
M 
§ 

Ft. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

65 

185 

80 

6 

4 

6 

4 

3 

1 

1* 

$100 

5 

24 

60 

31 

18 

$105 

$250 

102 

115 

50 

6 

5 

6 

4 

3 

1 

1* 

120 

5 

24 

60 

31 

18 

105 

270 

119 

115 

50 

6 

5 

7 

5 

4 

1 

1* 

135 

10 

30 

72 

54 

27 

150 

350 

119 

155 

68 

7 

5 

7 

5 

4 

1 

14 

150 

10 

30 

72 

54 

27 

150 

360 

136 

115 

50 

6 

5 

8 

5 

4 

1 

1* 

160 

10 

30 

72 

54 

27 

150 

380 

136 

155 

68 

7 

5 

8 

5 

4 

1 

14 

170 

12 

30 

84 

54 

38 

160 

400 

170 

155 

68 

7 

5 

10 

5 

4 

1 

1* 

240 

15 

36 

84 

68 

38 

190 

500 

171 

110 

47 

7 

6 

7 

5 

4 

1 

1* 

200 

10 

30 

72 

54 

27 

150 

420 

171 

145 

63 

8 

6 

7 

5 

4 

2 

24 

230 

15 

36 

84 

68 

38 

190 

510 

204 

205 

89 

8 

5 

12 

5 

4 

2 

24 

260 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

600 

232 

80 

35 

7 

7 

7 

6 

5 

1* 

2 

200 

10 

30 

72 

54 

27 

150 

420 

244 

110 

47 

7 

6 

10 

5 

4 

1* 

2 

260 

15 

36 

84 

68 

38 

190 

540 

244 

145 

62 

8 

6 

10 

5 

4 

2 

24 

270 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

600 

266 

105 

46 

8 

7 

8 

5 

4 

14 

2 

280 

15 

36 

84 

68 

38 

190 

570 

266 

165 

71.4 

10 

7 

8 

5 

4 

2 

24 

320 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

660 

283 

145 

62 

8 

6 

12 

5 

4 

2 

24 

290 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

630 

283 

225 

98 

10 

6 

12 

5 

4 

2 

24 

310 

40 

48 

114 

128 

57 

420 

880 

283 

325 

140 

12 

6 

12 

5 

4 

24 

3 

460 

50 

54 

114 

174 

57 

660 

1350 

332 

80 

35 

7 

7 

10 

6 

5 

I* 

2 

300 

15 

36 

84 

68 

38 

190 

600 

398 

105 

45 

8 

7 

12 

6 

5 

14 

2 

315 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

660 

398 

165 

71.4 

10 

7 

12 

6 

5 

2 

24 

370 

40 

48 

114 

128 

57 

420 

950 

398 

240 

103 

12 

7 

12 

6 

5 

24 

3 

460 

50 

54 

114 

174 

57 

660 

1350 

398 

325 

140 

14 

7 

12 

6 

5 

2* 

3 

530 

70 

54 

Hor. 

40 

192 

770 

1560 

522 

80 

35 

8 

8 

12 

6 

5 

14 

2 

510 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

900 

522 

125 

54 

10 

8 

12 

6 

5 

2 

24 

530 

40 

48 

114 

128 

57 

420 

1140 

522 

182 

78.75 

12 

8 

12 

6 

5 

2* 

3 

540 

50 

54 

114 

174 

57 

660 

1440 

522 

250 

108 

14 

8 

12 

6 

5 

2* 

3 

590 

70 

54 

Hor. 

40 

192 

770 

1650 

522 

325 

140 

16 

8 

12 

6 

5 

2* 

3 

690 

100 

66 

Hor. 

60 

192 

1050 

2100 

816 

50 

22 

8 

10 

12 

6 

5 

2 

24 

570 

20 

42 

96 

85 

48 

230 

960 

816 

115 

50 

12 

10 

12 

6 

5 

2* 

3 

600 

50 

54 

114 

174 

57 

660 

1520 

COMBINED  ENGINE  AND  PUMP. 


179 


Combined  Engine  and  Pump. 

The  combined  engine  and  pump  is  a  self-contained  unit  run 
principally  by  gasoline  or  oil.  In  many  localities  it  will  be  more 
economical  than  the  ordinary  steam  pump  and  boiler  to  operate, 
although  higher  in  first  cost. 

Their  use  is  not  as  well  known  as  the  steam  pump.  The  handling 
of  oil  or  gasoline  and  repairs  are  matters  that  require  special 
attention.  They  are  gradually,  however,  coming  into  favor,  and 
may  eventually  be  as  common  as  the  steam  pump. 

TABLE    40.  — APPROXIMATE    COST,    ETC. 


Gallons 

Ap- 

Horse- 
power. 

Adjustable 
stroke, 
inches. 

Strokes 
per  min- 
ute. 

Cylinder, 
inches. 

per  min- 
ute pump 
displace- 

Ft. head. 

Suc- 
tion. 

Dis- 
charge. 

.  prox- 
imate 
cost  in 

ment. 

place. 

5 

8,    9,10 

91 

H-7 

51-137 

96-259 

3-4 

3-4 

$  600 

8 

8,    9,  10 

97* 

5-7 

66*-146 

145-319 

4 

4 

9CO 

10 

8,  10,  12 

100 

7-8* 

133-295 

90-200 

6 

5 

120Q 

15 

8,  10,  12 

105 

7-8* 

140-310 

127-281 

6 

5 

1600 

20 

8,  10,  12 

110 

7-8* 

147-324 

163-360 

6 

5 

2000 

25 

8,  10,  12 

109* 

8-10* 

215-494 

134-356 

7 

6 

2300 

COST  OF   PUMPING  WATER.     COMPARISON   ESTIMATES   BETWEEN 

STEAM,  OIL,  AND  GASOLINE. 
Conditions.  —  Pump  to  deliver  200  gallons  per  minute  working 

10  hours  per  day  and  300  days  per  year,  against  an  equivalent 
head  of  200  feet,  or  10  theoretical  horsepower. 

STEAM  PUMP  AND  BOILER.  — 

One  8X  5X 12  pump  and  boiler  complete,  from  Table  39 $540 . 00 

Connections  and  contingencies 60 . 00 

Total $600.00 

Cost  of  Operating.  — 

Assuming  20  pounds  of  coal  per  horsepower  hour=200  poundsX 

10  hours=l  tonX  300=300  tons  per  year  at  $2.25 $675.00 

Attendance  by  station  agent  or  portion  of  a  regular  pumpman's 

time  at  $10  per  month 120 . 00 

011  and  waste 25.00 

Repairs  and  maintenance 50 . 00 


Total  per  year, 


$870.00 


180  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 

or  $2.90  per  day,  or  29  cents  per  hour,  or  about  2J  cents  per  1000 
gallons.  If  necessary  to  have  a  pumpman  all  the  time,  $300  more 
would  have  to  be  added  for  his  wages,  making  the  cost  about 
3J  cents  per  1000  gallons. 

OIL  COMBINED  PUMPER.  — 

8X  12  pump  direct  connected,  from  Table  40 $1200 . 00 

Connections  and  contingencies 120 . 00 

$1320.00 
Cost  of  Operating.  — 

Coal  oil  15  cents  per  gallon. 

Assuming  1£  cents'  worth  of  coal  oil  per  horsepower  per  hour,  in- 
cluding waste  and  handling^  10X  1J=  15  cts.X  10=11.50X300.  .  $450.00 

Attendance  by  station  agent  or  portion  of  a  regular  pumpman's 

time  at  $10  per  month 120 . 00 

Lubricating  oil  and  waste 30 . 00 

Repairs  and  maintenance 90 . 00 

Total ; $690.00 

or  $2.30  per  day,  or  23  cents  per  hour,  or  1.9  cents  per  1000  gallons. 
If  necessary  to  have  a  pumpman  all  the  time,  $300  more  would 
have  to  be  added  for  his  wages,  making  the  cost  about  2J  cents 
per  1000  gallons. 

GASOLINE  COMBINED  PUMPER.  — 

8X 12  pump  direct  connected,  from  Table  40 $1200 . 00 

Connections  and  contingencies 120 . 00 

$1320.00 
Cost  of  Operating.  — 

Gasoline  18  cents  per  gallon. 

Assuming  TV  imperial  gallon  per  horsepower  hour=l  gallon= 

18  cts.X  10=  $1.80X  300 $540. 00 

Attendance  by  station  agent  or  portion  of  a  regular  pumpman's 

time  at  $10  per  month 120 . 00 

Lubricating  oil  and  waste 30 . 00 

Repairs  and  maintenance 90 . 00 

$780.00 

or  $2.60  per  day,  or  26  cents  per  hour,  or  2.2  cents,  about,  per  1000 
gallons.  If  necessary  to  have  a  pumpman  all  the  time,  $300  more 
would  have  to  be  added  for  his  wages,  making  the  cost  about 
3  cents  per  1000  gallons. 


COMBINED   ENGINE  AND   PUMP.  181 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  foregoing  that  the  approximate  cost  of 
pumping  water  is  as  follows: 

Oil  engine 1.9  to  2.75  cents  per  1000  gallons. 

Gasoline  engine 2.2  to  3.00  cents  per  1000  gallons. 

Steam  pump  and  boiler. ...   2.5  to  3.25  cents  per  1000  gallons. 

There  are  many  elements  that  enter  into  the  cost  of  pumping 
water  that  may  bring  the  figures  up  to  double  the  amounts  given. 
The  sizes  of  suction  and  discharge  pipes  are  quite  as  important  as 
the  pumps,  and  if  these  are  figured  too  small,  poor  results  will  be 
obtained  at  an  additional  cost. 

The  question  of  using  oil,  gasoline,  or  steam  depends  a  good  deal 
on  the  location  and  existing  conditions  and  the  means  at  hand  for 
having  them  looked  after  in  case  of  repairs.  Fuel  supply,  including 
depreciation  and  first  cost,  have  also  to  be  considered. 


182  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Boilers. 

The  general  run  of  boilers  to  supply  steam  to  the  pump  range 
from  5  to  100  horsepower,  and  the  plain  vertical  tube  boilers  are 
chiefly  used. 

The  boiler  pressure  must  be  somewhat  in  excess  of  the  steam 
pressure  at  the  pump,  to  allow  for  loss  of  steam  pressure  between 
the  boiler  and  pump. 

The  boiler  horsepower  is  usually  reckoned  on  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  basis 
of  30  pounds  of  water  evaporated  or  consumed  per  indicated  horse- 
power and  from  12  to  15  square  feet  of  heating  surface  in  the 
boiler  are  usually  reckoned  for  the  generation  of  one  horsepower 
per  hour. 

Each  nominal  horsepower  of  boilers  requires  about  10  gallons  of 
feed  water  per  hour  (30  to  35  pounds). 

Good  boilers  will  evaporate  from  5  to  10  pounds  of  water  per 
pound  of  coal. 

One  square  foot  of  grate  surface  natural  draft  will  consume  10  to 
15  pounds  hard  coal  or  20  to  25  pounds  soft  coal  per  hour,  or  an 
average  consumption  of  10  pounds  of  coal  per  cubic  foot  of  water 
evaporated  (12  pounds  per  hour  for  each  square  foot  of  grate 
surface). 

The  boiler  should  be  set  up  on  a  good  solid  foundation,  with 
smoke  flue  protected  at  roof  or  outlet  to  avoid  danger  from  fire. 

The  cost  of  the  general  run  of  vertical  boilers  is  given  in 
Table  39. 


SERVICE  CONNECTIONS.  183 


Service  Connections. 

The  discharge  pipe  should  enter  the  water  tank  at  the  bottom, 
as  it  reduces  the  head  and  takes  less  power  than  feeding  it  from  the 
top. 

Provide  a  check  valve  in  delivery  pipe  and  a  waste  cock  in  the 
discharge  chamber,  so  that  air  may  be  expelled,  a  stop  valve  for 
shutting  off  the  back  pressure,  so  that  the  pump  can  be  opened  for 
inspection. 

Set  up  the  pump  on  solid  foundation  of  concrete;  wood  is  liable 
to  rot  and  cause  leaky  joints.  To  obviate  jar  or  vibration,  use 
expansion  bolts  to  anchor  the  pump. 

Arrange  the  steam  pipe  feed  so  that  the  water  of  condensation 
will  drip  away  from  the  pump  when  not  in  use,  and  insert  drip 
cock. 

An  air  chamber  on  the  suction  pipe  will  make  the  pump  work 
smoother  at  moderate  speed,  and  is  advisable,  as  it  prevents  pound- 
ing or  water  hammer;  in  high  lifts  it  is  a  necessity. 

Unless  the  suction  lift  and  length  of  supply  pipe  are  moderate, 
a  foot  valve  and  strainer  are  also  advised  for  all  pumps  raising  water 
by  suction. 

The  foot  valve  is  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  suction  pipe  and 
holds  the  priming. 

The  suction  pipe  must  be  entirely  free  from  all  leakage. 

Lay  suction  pipes  with  a  uniform  grade  from  the  pump  to  the 
source  of  supply,  and  avoid  air  pockets.  All  pipes  should  be  as 
direct  as  possible;  use  full  round  bends  for  elbows  and  Y's  for 
tees. 

Service  Pipe.  —  Steel  riveted,  cast-iron,  plain  wrought-iron,  and 
galvanized  iron  pipe  are  used  extensively;  cast  iron  is  the  most 
durable  and  reliable  for  underground  service,  and  above  ground 
plain  wrought-iron  pipe  proves  quite  satisfactory;  for  weight  of 
pipes,  etc.,  see  Tables  41  and  42. 

The  depth  to  which  pipe  should  be  placed  in  the  ground  should 
be  sufficient  to  avoid  injury  from  frost,  usually  4  to  5  feet.  A  water 
main  laid  in  a  rock-cut  trench  is  less  liable  to  freeze  up  if  covered 
with  broken  stones. 


184 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Pipes. 

Cast  Iron.  —  All  cast-iron  pipes  and  fittings  must  be  uncoated, 
sound,  cylindrical  and  smooth,  free  from  cracks,  sand  holes,  and 
other  defects,  and  of  a  uniform  thickness  and  of  a  grade  known  in 
commerce  as  "  extra  heavy,"  cast  in  lengths  to  lay  twelve  feet, 
with  bell  and  spigot  joints/  and  to  withstand  a  static  pressure  of 
not  less  than  130  pounds  per  square  inch. 

TABLE    41. —APPROXIMATE    COST   AND   WEIGHT    OF    CAST-IRON    WATER 

PIPE. 


Diameter 
pipe. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight  per 
lineal  foot. 

Feet  per 
ton. 

Number 
of  lengths 
per  ton. 

Approxi- 
mate cost 
per  foot  at 
$35  per 
ton. 

Approxi- 
mate cost 
per  foot  at 
$40  per 
ton. 

Actual 
Cost. 

Ins. 
2 

In. 

f 

Lbs. 

8 

250 

21 

$0.14 

$0.16 

3 

& 

15 

133 

11.1 

.26 

.30 



4 
5 

* 
4 

19 
26 

105 

77 

8.8 
6  4 

.33 
.45* 

.38 
.52 



6 

32 

62.5 

5.2 

.56 

.64 



7 
8 

A 
I 

40 
47 

50 
44.5 

4.2 
3.7 

.70 

.82* 

.80 
.94 

10 

i 

63 

31.9 

2.8 

1.10 

1.26 



12 

H 

82 

24.4 

2.0 

1.43 

1.64 



Joints.  —  All  joints  must  be  made  with  picked  oakum  and  molten 
lead  and  made  water-tight.  For  estimating,  take  1£  pounds  of 
soft  pig  lead  for  each  joint  for  each  inch  in  the  diameter  of  the 
pipe,  and  1  ounce  of  oakum  for  each  joint  for  each  inch  in  the  diam- 
eter of  the  pipe. 

Fittings.  —  Ordinary  cast  or  malleable  iron  water  fittings. 

Wrought=Iron  and  Steel  Pipes.  —  All  wrought-iron  and  steel 
pipes  must  be  equal  in  quality  to  "  standard." 

The  pipes  shall  be  not  less  than  the  following  average  thickness 
and  weight  per  lineal  foot;  supplied  in  random  lengths  with  threads 
and  couplings. 


PIPES. 


185 


TABLE  42.  —  APPROXIMATE  COST  AND  WEIGHT  OF  WROUGHT-IRON  PIPES. 


Inside  size 
of  pipe. 

Thickness. 

Normal 
weight  per 
lineal  foot. 

Approx.  cost 
per  100  feet. 

Approx.  cost 
per  lin.  foot. 

Actual  cost 
per  lin.  foot. 

Ins. 
1 

In. 
.13 

Lbs. 
1.67 

Dols. 
6.00 

Dols. 
06 

Dols. 

U 

.14 

2.68 

9.00 

.09 

2 

.15 

3.61 

13.00 

.13 

2i 

.20 

5.74 

23  00 

23 

3 

21 

7.54 

30  00 

30 

3i 

.22 

9.00 

45.00 

45 

4 
4i 

.23 
24 

10.66 
12.49 

54.00 
63  00 

.54 
63 

5 
6 

.25 

28 

14.50 
18  76 

72.00 
93  00 

.72 
93 



7 

30 

23  27 

116  00 

1.16 

8 

32 

28  18 

141  00 

1  41 

9 

34 

33  70 

168  00 

1  68 

10 

36 

40  00 

200  00 

2  00 

11 

37 

45  00 

225  00 

2  25 

12 

37 

49  00 

245  00 

2  45 

Joints.  —  All  joints  to  be  screwed  joints  made  up  with  red  lead. 
Fittings.  —  Ordinary  cast  or  malleable  iron  water  fittings. 


186 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Formulas. 

Capacity.  —  The  capacity  of  a  pump  depends  upon  the 
speed  at  which  it  can  be  run,  and  the  speed  depends  largely  on 
the  arrangement  of  valves  and  passageways  for  water  and  steam; 
ordinarily  it  is  reckoned  by  the  gallons  per  minute  the  pump 
plunger  can  deliver  at  the  average  speed  of  piston  travel. 

For  short-stroke  pumps,  generally  used  in  railroad  water  tank 
service,  the  piston  travel  may  be  rated  at  100  strokes  per  minute. 

r,        ..                T    .                    stroke  X  area 
Capacity  per  stroke  in  gallons  = — 

ZjOL 

231  =  cubic  inches  in  a  gallon  of  water. 


TABLE    43.  —  CAPACITY    OF    PUMPS    PER    STROKE    IN    GALLONS    (ONE 

PLUNGER). 


Distill* 

eter. 
water 

Area 
water 

Length  of  stroke  in  inches. 

cylin- 

cylin- 

der. 

der. 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

In. 

Sq.  in. 

4 

12.56 

.272 

.326 

.381 

.435 

.489 

.544 

.652 

.761 

.870 

5 

19.63 

.425 

.51 

.595 

.68 

.765 

.85 

1.02 

1.19 

1.36 

6 

28.27 

.612 

.734 

.877 

.979 

1.101 

1.224 

1.468 

1.713 

1.958 

7 

38.48 

.833 

.999 

1.166 

1.332 

1.499 

1.666 

1.999 

2.332 

2.665 

8 

50.26 

1.088 

1.305 

1.523 

1.740 

1.958 

2.176 

2.611 

3.046 

3.481 

9 

63.61 

1.377 

1.652 

1.928 

2.203 

2.478 

2.754 

3.304 

3.855 

4.406 

10 

78.54 

1.7 

2.04 

2.38 

2.72 

3.06 

3.4 

4.08 

4.76 

5.44 

11 

95.03 

2.057 

2.464 

2.879 

3.291 

3.725 

4.113 

4.936 

5.759 

6.582 

12 

113.09 

2.448 

2.937 

3.422 

3.916 

4.406 

4.896 

5.875 

6.854 

'7.833 

14 

153.93 

3.331 

3.997 

5.33 

5.996 

6.663 

7.994 

9.328 

10.66 

15 

176.71 

3.824 

4.589 

6.119 

6.884 

7.649 

9.178 

10.70 

12.23 

16 

201.06 

4.35 

5.22 

6.96 

7.83 

8.703 

10.44 

12.18 

13.92 

Gallons  delivered  in  one  minute  equal  capacity  per  stroke  multiplied  by  strokes  per 
minute.  For  duplex  piston  or  plunger,  multiply  by  2.  For  triplex  piston  or  plunger, 
multiply  by  3. 


Example.  —  What  quantity  of  water  is  delivered  per  minute 
with  a  duplex  pump  5-inch  water  and  7-inch  stroke,  piston  speed 
100  strokes  per  minute?  Ans.  .595  X  2  X  100  =  119  gallons  per 
minute. 


FORMULAS.  187 

Speed.  —  A  piston  travel  of  100  feet  per  minute  is  the  basis 
generally  used  for  rating  the  capacity  of  a  pump.  If  short-stroke 
pumps,  however,  are  run  at  this  speed  they  would  not  be  durable 
for  e very-day  service,  and  100  strokes  rather  than  100  feet  is  a 
more  reasonable  service. 

At  a  piston  speed  of  100  feet  per  minute  the  pump  would  have 
to  make  the  following  strokes: 

Three-inch  stroke  pump,  400  strokes  per  minute. 
Four-inch  stroke  pump,  300  strokes  per  minute. 
Five-inch  stroke  pump,  240  strokes  per  minute. 
Six-inch  stroke  pump,  200  strokes  per  minute. 
Seven-inch  stroke  pump,  171+  strokes  per  minute. 
Eight-inch  stroke  pump,  150  strokes  per  minute. 
Nine-inch  stroke  pump,  133+  strokes  per  minute. 
Ten-inch  stroke  pump,  120  strokes  per  minute. 
Eleven-inch  stroke  pump,  109  +  strokes  per  minute. 
Twelve-inch  stroke  pump,  100  strokes  per  minute. 

Lift.  —  The  head  of  water  against  which  the  pump  has  to  work, 
or  the  pressure  due  to  the  height  to  which  the  water  has  to  be 
forced,  is  usually  termed  the  lift,  and  expressed  in  pounds  per 
square  inch  =  height  of  water  column  X  .434. 

.434  =  pound  pressure  per  square  inch  exerted  by  a  column  of 
water  one  foot  high. 


188 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE  44.  — FEET  HEAD  AND  EQUIVALENT  PRESSURE  IN  POUNDS  PER 

SQUARE  INCH. 


Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

Ft. 

head. 

Equiv. 

press,  in 
pounds. 

Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

1 

0.48 

43 

18.62 

85 

36.82 

127 

55.01 

2 

0.86 

44 

19.05 

86 

37.25 

128 

55.44 

3 

1.30 

45 

19.49 

87 

37.68 

129 

55.88 

4 

1.73 

46 

19.92 

88 

38.12 

130 

56.31 

5 

2.16 

47 

20.35 

89 

38.55 

131 

56.74 

6 

2.59 

48 

20.79 

90 

38.98 

132 

57.18 

7 

3.03 

49 

21.22 

91 

39.42 

133 

57.61 

8 

3.46 

50 

21.65 

92 

39.85 

134 

58.04 

9 

3.89 

51 

22.09 

93 

40.28 

135 

58.48 

10 

4.33 

52 

22.52 

94 

40.72 

136 

58.91 

11 

4.76 

53 

22.95 

95 

41.15 

137 

59.34 

12 

5.20 

54 

23.39 

96 

41.58 

138 

59.77 

13 

5.63 

55 

23.82 

97 

42.01 

139 

60.21 

14 

6.06 

56 

24.26 

98 

42.45 

140 

60.64 

15 

6.49 

57 

24.69 

99 

42.88 

141 

61.07 

16 

6.93 

58 

25.12 

100 

43.31 

142 

61.51 

17 

7.36 

59 

25.55 

101 

43.75 

143 

61.94 

18 

7.79 

60 

25.99 

102 

44.18 

144 

62.37 

19 

8.22 

61 

26.42 

103 

44.61 

145 

62.81 

20 

8.66 

62 

26.85 

104 

45.05 

146 

63.24 

21 

9.09 

63 

27.29 

105 

45.48 

147 

63.67 

22 

9.53 

64 

27.72 

106 

45.91 

148 

64.10 

23 

9.96 

65 

28.15 

107 

46.34 

149 

64.54 

24 

10.39 

66 

28.58 

108 

46.78 

150 

64.97 

25 

10.82 

67 

29.02 

109 

47.21 

151 

65.40 

26 

11.26 

68 

29.45 

110 

47.64 

152 

65.84 

27 

11.69 

69 

29.88 

111 

48.08 

153 

66.27 

28 

12.12 

70 

30.32 

112 

48.51 

154 

66.70 

29 

12.55 

71 

30.75 

113 

48.94 

155 

67.14 

30 

12.99 

72 

31.18 

114 

49.38 

156 

67.57 

31 

13.42 

73 

31.62 

115 

49.81 

157 

68.  '00 

32 

13.86 

74 

32.05 

116 

50.24 

158 

68.43 

33 

14.29 

75 

32.48 

117 

50.68 

159 

68.87 

34 

14.72 

76 

32.92 

118 

51.11 

160 

69.31 

35 

15.16 

77 

33.35 

119 

51.54 

161 

69.74 

36 

15.59 

78 

33.78 

120 

51.98 

162 

70.17 

37 

16.02 

79 

34.21 

121 

52.41 

163 

70.61 

38 

16.45 

80 

34.65 

122 

52.84 

164 

71.04 

39 

16.89 

81 

35.08 

123 

53.28 

165 

71.47 

40 

17.32 

82 

35.52 

124 

53.71 

166 

71.91 

41 

17.75 

83 

35.95 

125 

54.15 

167 

72.34 

42 

18.19 

84 

36.39 

126 

54.58 

168 

72.77 

LIFT. 


189 


TABLE  44  (Continued).  —  FEET  HEAD  AND  EQUIVALENT  PRESSURE  IN 
POUNDS  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 


Ft. 
head  . 

Equiv. 
press,  in. 
pounds. 

Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

Ft. 
head. 

Equiv. 
press,  in 
pounds. 

169 

73.20 

.206 

89.23 

243 

105.26 

280 

121.29 

170 

73.64 

207 

89.68 

244 

105.69 

281 

121.73 

171 

74.07 

208 

90.10 

245 

106.13 

282 

122.15 

172 

74.50 

209 

90.53 

246 

106.56 

283 

122.59 

173 

74.94 

210 

90.96 

247 

106.99 

284 

123.02 

174 

75.37 

211 

91.39 

248 

107.43 

285 

123.45 

175 

75.80 

212 

91.83 

249 

107.86 

286 

123.89 

176 

76.23 

213 

92.26 

250 

108.29 

287 

124.32 

177 

76.67 

214 

92.69 

251 

108.73 

288 

124.75 

178 

77.10 

215 

93.13 

252 

109.16 

289 

125.18 

179 

77.53 

216 

93.56 

253 

109.59 

290 

125.62 

180 

77.97 

217 

93.99 

254 

110.03 

291 

126.05 

181 

78.40 

218 

94.43 

255 

110.46 

292 

126.48 

182 

78.84 

219 

94.86 

256 

110.89 

293 

126.92 

183 

79.27 

220 

95.30 

257 

111.32 

294 

127.35 

184 

79.70 

221 

95.73 

258 

111.76 

295 

127.78 

185 

80.14 

222 

96.16 

259 

112.19 

296 

128.22 

186 

80.57 

223 

96.60 

260 

112.62 

297 

128.65 

187 

81.00 

224 

97.03 

261 

113.06 

298 

129.08 

188 

81.43 

225 

97.46 

262 

113.49 

299 

129.51 

189 

81.87 

226 

97.90 

263 

113.92 

300 

129.95 

190 

82.30 

227 

98.33 

264 

114.36 

310 

134.23 

191 

82.73 

228 

98.76 

265 

114.79 

320 

138.62 

192 

83.17 

229 

99.20 

266 

115.22 

330 

142.95 

193 

83.60 

230 

99.63 

267 

115.66 

340 

147.28 

194 

84.03 

231 

100.00 

268 

116.09 

350 

151.61 

195 

84.47 

232 

100.49 

269 

116.52 

360 

155.94 

196 

84.90 

233 

100.93 

270 

116.96 

370 

160.27 

197 

85.33 

234 

101.36 

271 

117.39 

380 

164.61 

198 

85.76 

235 

101.79 

272 

117.82 

390 

168.94 

199 

86.20 

236 

102.23 

273 

118.26 

400 

173.27 

200 

86.63 

237 

102.66 

274 

118.69 

500 

216.58 

201 

87.07 

238 

103.09 

275 

119.12 

600 

259.90 

202 

87.50 

239 

103.53 

276 

119.56 

700 

303.22 

203 

87.93 

240 

103.96 

277 

119.99 

800 

346.54 

204 

88.36 

241 

104.39 

278 

120.42 

900 

389.86 

205 

88.80 

242 

104.83 

279 

120.85 

1000 

435.18 

190 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


TABLE  45.  —  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  PIPES. 
Pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  to  be  added  for  each  100  feet  of  clean  iron  pipe. 


Gals,  per  min- 
ute delivered. 

Pipe  sizes. 

f 

3.3 
13.0 
28.7 
50.4 
78.0 

1 

H 

1* 

2 

H 

3 

3i 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

5 
10 
15 
20 
25 

30 
35 
40 
45 
50 

60 
70 
75 
80 
90 

100 
125 
150 
175 
200 

250 
300 
350 
400 
450 

500 
750 
1000 
1250 
1500 

.84 
3.16 
6.98 
12.3 
19.0 

27.5 
37.0 
48.0 

.31 
1.05 
2.38 
4.07 
6.40 

9.15 
12.4 
16.1 
20.2 
24.9 

36.0 
48.0 
56.1 
64.0 
80.0 

.12 

.47 
.97 
1.66 
2.62 

3.75 
5.05 
6.52 
8.15 
10.0 

14.0 
20.0 

22.4 
25.0 
32.0 

39.0 

.04 
.12 
.25 
.42 

.62 

.91 
1.22 
1.60 
1.99 
2.44 

3.50 

4.80 
5.32 
6.30 
7.80 

9.46 
14.9 
21.2 
28.1 
37.5 

.02 
.04 
.08 
.14 
.21 

.30 

.40 
.53 
.66 
.81 

1.17 
1.50 
1.80 
2.00 

2.58 

3.20 
4.89 
7.00 
9.46 
12.47 

19.66 
28.06 

.02 
.04 
.06 
.10 

.13 
.17 
.23 
.28 
.35 

.50 

.60 
.74 
.90 
1.10 

1.31 
1.99 
2.85 
3.85 
5.02 

7.76 
11.2 
15.2 
19.5 
25.0 

30.8 

.02 
.03 
.04 

.06 
.09 
.11 
.14 
.17 

.24 
.38 

".ii 

.54 

.64 
.96 
1.35 
1.82 
2.38 

3.70 
5.04 
7.10 
9.25 
11.70 

14.5 

.02 

.03 
.05 
.06 
.07 
.09 

.13 
.19 

'"23" 

.26 

.33 
.49 
.69 
.93 
1.22 

1.89 
2.66 
3.65 
4.73 
6.01 

7.43 

"!02' 
.02 
.03 
.04 

.05 
.07 

'".W 
.09 

.12 
.17 
.25 
.34 
.42 

.65 
.93 
1.26 
1.61 
2.00 

2.40 

.02 
.03 

"!03 
.04 

.05 
.07 
.10 
.13 
.17 

.26 
.37 
.50 
.65 
.81 

.96 
2.21 
3.88 
6.00 
8.60 

.... 

.02 
.03 
.04 
.05 
.07 

.12 
.17 
23 
.30 
.37 

.45 
1.03 
1.80 
2.85 
4.08 

.07 
.09 
.12 
.16 
.20 

.25 
.53 
.94 
1.46 
2.09 

.04 
.05 
.07 
.09 
.11 

.14 
.30 
.53 
.82 
1.17 

.03 
.04 
.05 
.06 
.07 

.09 
.18 
.32 
.49 
.70 

.01 
!02 
!03 

.04 

.08 
.13 
.20 
.29 

Table  is  based  on  Ellis'  and  Howland's  experiments.     To  find  "  friction  head  "  in  feet  multiply 

figures  by  2.3. 


THEORETICAL   HORSEPOWER. 


191 


TABLE  45a.-  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  ELBOWS. 
Pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  to  be  added  for  each  elbow. 


Gals,  per  min- 
ute delivered. 

Pipe  sizes. 

i 

1 

li 

1* 

2 

2* 

3 

3* 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
60 
70 
75 
80 
90 
100 
125 
150 
175 
200 
250 
300 
350 
400 
450 
500 
750 
1000 
1250 
1500 

.07 

.28 
.63 
1.12 
1.74 

.027 
.094 
.212 
.376 
.585 
.845 
1.15 
1.50 
1.90 

'3':38" 
4.60 
5.30 
6.00 
7.60 

.008 
.031 
.069 
.123 
.194 
.278 
.380 
.495 
.626 
.77 
1.11 
1.52 
1.74 
1.98 
2.50 
3.08 

.005 
.018 
.04 

.069 
.108 
.157 
.215 
.278 
.352 
.43 
.62 
.86 
.98 
1.11 
1.41 
1.72 
2.72 
3.92 
5.32 
6.88 

.002 
.006 
.014 
.025 
.038 
.055 
.076 
.098 
.125 
.153 
.22 
.304 
.35 
.392 
.50 
.612 
.97 
1.39 
1.90 
2.44 
3.86 
5.56 

.003 
.005 
.012 
.02 
.028 
.037 
.049 
.062 
.08 
.112 
.148 
.172 
.196 
.248 
.32 
.48 
.685 
.935 
1.28 
1.91 
2.74 
3.77 
5.12 
6.20 
7.64 

'loos 

.008 
.011 
.015 
.02 
.026 
.032 
.044 
.06 
.072 
.08 
.104 
.128 
.20 
.286 
.390 
.512 
.80 
1.14 
1.58 
2.05 
2.58 
3.20 



.009 
.011 
.015 
.017 
.026 
.035 
.04 
.044 
.06 
.068 
.112 
.16 
.218 
.272 
.446 
.64 
.88 
1.09 
1.45 
1.78 

".007" 
.009 
.01 
.015 
.021 
.024 
.027 
.035 
.043 
.067 
.096 
.132 
.172 
.268 
.384 
.530 
.688 
.870 
1.07 
2.42 
4.28 
6.70 
9.68 

'.006 
.009 
.01 
.012 
.014 
.017 
.027 
.039 
.053 
.068 
.109 
.156 
.215 
.272 
.352 
.436 
.970 
1.74 
2.71 
3.88 

".003" 
.004 
.005 
.005 
.007 
.008 
.013 
.019 
.026 
.032 
.052 
.076 
.103 
.128 
.170 
.208 
.470 
.832 
1.31 
1.88 

^062 

.003 
.003 
.004 
.005 
.007 
.01 
.014 
02 
.029 
.042 
.057 
.08 
.094 
.116 
.260 
.464 
.728 
.84 

'.003 
.004 
.006 
.009 
.011 
.017 
.025 
.034 
.044 
.057 
.068 
.156 
.272 
.435 
.624 

.m 

.003 
.004 
.005 
.007 
.011 
.016 
.022 
.028 
.036 
.044 
.10 
.176 
.276 
.40 

:6o2 

.003 
.004 
.005 
.007 
.01 
.014 
.018 
.023 
.028 
.063 
.112 
.175 
.252 

:<J6i 

.002 
.002 
.004 
.005 
.007 
.009 
.011 
.016 
.031 
.064 
.086 
.124 

Table  is  based  on  Weisbach's  formula  for  very  short  bends,  or  with  a  radius  equal  to  the 
radius  of  the  pipe.    To  find  "  friction  head  "  in  feet  multiply  figures  by  2.3. 


Theoretical  Horsepower. 

Theoretical  horsepower  necessary  to  raise  water  any  height 
_  gallons  per  minute  X  8.33  X  height  in  feet 
33000 

=  horsepower  per  minute. 

8.33  =  weight  of  a  gallon  of  water. 
33000  =  number  of  foot-pounds  per  minute  in  one  horsepower. 


192 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


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ENGINE   HORSEPOWER. 


193 


Engine  Horsepower. 

P  X  L  X  A  X  N 


Horsepower  = 


33000 


P  =  average  effective  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

L  =  twice  the  length  of  piston  stroke  in  feet. 

A  =  area  of  piston  in  square  inches. 

N  =  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  crank  shaft  per  minute. 


TABLE    47.  —  AVERAGE   STEAM  PRESSURE   ON  PISTON,   IN    POUNDS    PER 

SQUARE    INCH. 


Aver,  press,  throughout 
the  piston  stroke. 
(Initial  press.  =  1.) 

.966 

.937 

.919 

.846 

.743 

.699 

.596 

.385 

Grade  of  expansion  of 
steam. 

li 

1| 

!•! 

2 

2f 

3 

4 

8 

Steam  cut-off. 

1 

§ 

I 

i 

1 

\ 

i 

i 

Initial  steam  press.,  Ibs- 
per  sq.  in. 
25  

24.1 

23.4 

22.9 

21.1 

18.5 

17.4 

19.9 

9.6 

30. 

28  9 

28  1 

27  5 

25  3 

22.2 

20.9 

17.8 

11.5 

35   ... 

33  7 

32.8 

32.1 

29.6 

25.9 

24  .4 

20.8 

13.4 

40  

38  6 

37.4 

36.7 

33.8 

28.9 

27.9 

23.8 

15.3 

45  
50  

43.4 

48.2 

42.1 
46.8 

41.2 
45.9 

38.0 
42.3 

32.6 
37.1 

31.4 
35.0 

26.8 
29.8 

17.3 
19.2 

55  

53.0 

51.3 

50.5 

46.6 

40.8 

38.4 

32.8 

21.2 

60 

57  8 

56  0 

55.1 

50  8 

44.5 

41.9 

35.8 

23.1 

65.  . 

62  8 

60  7 

59.7 

55.0 

48.2 

45.4 

38.8 

24.9 

70  

67.5 

65.3 

64.3 

59.2 

52.4 

48.9 

41.6 

26.7 

75  
80  

72.3 
77.1 

70.0 
75.7 

68.9 
73.5 

63.5 
67.7 

56.1 
59.3 

52.4 
53.9 

44.7 
47.7 

28.6 
30.8 

85  

81.9 

80.3 

78.1 

72.0 

63.0 

59.4 

50.7 

32.7 

90 

86  7 

84.0 

82.7 

76.2 

66.8 

62  9 

53.7 

34.6 

95  
100  
105  

110                    ... 

91.5 
96.4 
101.2 

106  0 

88.7 
93.3 
98.0 

101.7 

87.3 
91.9 
96.5 

101.0 

80.4 
84.5 
88.9 

93.1 

70.4 

74.2 
77.9 

81  6 

66.4 
69.9 
73.4 

76.9 

56.7 
59.6 
62.6 

66.6 

36.6 
38.5 
40.4 

42.3 

115  
120  

110.8 
115.6 

106.3 
112.0 

105.6 
110.2 

97.4 
101.6 

85.2 
89.0 

80.4 
83.9 

69.6 
71.6 

44.2 
46.2 

125 

120  5 

115  7 

114.8 

105.8 

102  8 

87  4 

74.6 

48.1 

194 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Example.  —  What  horsepower  will  a  steam  engine  8-inch 
bore  and  12-inch  stroke  develop  at  100  revolutions  of  the  crank 
shaft  per  minute,  cutting  off  one-third  stroke  and  having  an 
initial  pressure  100  pounds? 

P,  100  pounds  initial  pressure  one-third  stroke,  from 
table  =  69.9,  less  say  14.9  for  back  pressure,  =  55  pounds; 
L,  twice  stroke,  =  12"X2  =  2  feet;  A,  area  8-inch  piston,  =  50.26; 
N,  100;  hence  horsepower  of  engine 


55  X  2  X  50.26  X  100 
33000 


=  16.8 


General  Water  Information. 

TABLE    48. —  EQUIVALENTS    OF   WATER    BY   WEIGHT    AND    MEASURE. 


Water. 

U.  S.  gal- 
lons. 

Imperial 
gallons. 

Cubic  feet. 

Cubic  inches. 

Pounds. 

U   S  gallon  

1.00 

.833 

.133 

231 

8.33 

Imperial  gallon  .  .  . 
Cubic  foot  

1.2 

7.48 

1.00 
6.23 

.16 
1.00 

277.274 
1728 

10.00 
62.35 

Cubic  inch.  

.0043 

.0036 

.00058 

1.00 

.036 

One  pound  

.12 

.10 

.16 

27.72 

1.00 

A  miner's  inch  of  water  is  approximately  equal  to  a  supply  of 
12  U.  S.  gallons  per  minute. 

Area  of  Pipe.  —  To  find  the  area  of  a  required  pipe,  the 
volume  and  velocity  being  given,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  of  water  by  144  and  divide  the  product  by  the  velocity  in 
feet  per  minute. 

Velocity.  —  To  find  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute  to  dis- 
charge a  stated  number  of  gallons  per  minute  divide  the  amount 
of  discharge  in  gallons  per  minute  by  the  number  of  gallons  in 
one  lineal  foot,  or  the  number  of  gallons  per  minute  by  144,  and 
divide  by  the  area  of  pipe  in  inches. 


GENERAL  WATER  INFORMATION. 


195 


TABLE  48a.  — NUMBER  OF  U.  S.  GALLONS  IN  ONE  LINEAL  FOOT  OF  PIPE. 


Inside  diameter  of  pipe. 

1  in. 

2  in. 

2^  in. 

3  in. 

4  in. 

.0873 
.6528 
12.56 

Cubic  foot  
Gallons  per  lineal  foot  
Area,  square  inches  

.0055 
.0408 
.785 

.0218 
.1632 
3.14 

.0341 
.2550 
4.9 

.0491 
.3673 
7.06 

6  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 

10  in. 

12  in. 

Cubic  foot  
Gallons  per  lineal  foot  .  .  . 
Area,  square  inches  

.1963 
1.469 

28.27 

.3490 
2.611 
50.26 

.4418 
3.305 
63.61 

.5455 
4.081 

78.54 

.7854 
5.875 
113.09 

Depth  of  Suction.  —  The  mean  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  is 
estimated  at  14.7  pounds  per  square  inch.  With  a  perfect 
vacuum  at  sea  level  it  will  therefore  sustain  a  column  of  mercury 
29.9  inches,  or  a  column  of  water  33.9  feet  high.  This  is  the  theo- 
retical height  that  a  perfect  pump  would  draw  water.  Owing  to 
air  in  the  water,  valve  leakage,  etc.,  the  actual  height  in  practice 
seldom  exceeds  20  feet,  and  the  velocity  through  the  suction 
pipe  should  not  exceed  200  feet  per  minute,  as  the  resistance  of 
suction  will  be  too  great.  To  obviate  this  tendency  the  suction 
pipe  is  usually  one  or  two  sizes  larger  than  the  delivery  or  dis- 
charge pipe. 


196 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Pump  House. 

When  the  source  of  water  supply  renders  it  necessary  a  small 
frame  building  is  erected  to  house  in  the  pump  and  boiler,  simi- 
lar to  Fig.  89. 

Approximate  cost  complete.  — 

Cedar  sill  foundation $500  to  $700 

Masonry  foundation 650  to    850 


Corrugated  Iron 


Boiler 

^ 

Pump    |_ 
Room 

Coal  Shed 

16  x  16" 

10x20 

Fig.  89.     Pump  House. 

Construction.  —  Lumber,  spruce,  hemlock  or  pine;  mouldings, 
doors,  windows,  frames,  etc.,  stock  patterns. 

Boiler  house  16'X16',  coal  shed  16'X20';  cedar  sill  or  masonry 
foundation;  frames  2'/X4//  studs  at  2-foot  centers;  wall  plates 
and  runners  4"X4";  rafters  and  ties  2"X6"  at  2-foot  centers;  frame 
covered  with  f-inch  rough  boards  finished  with  drop  siding  or 
clapboards  with  building  paper  between;  roof  covered  with 
J-inch  rough  boards  and  corrugated  iron. 

Boiler  room  floor,  9  inches  cinders  well  rammed;  coal  shed  floor, 
2-inch  plank  on  3-inch  cedar  sleepers  about  4-foot  centers;  studs 
to  be  braced  to  cross  ties  with  2"X4"  braces,  and  the  inside  lined 
with  2-inch  plank  5  feet  6  inches  high. 

When  a  gasoline  or  oil  pump  is  used  the  coal  shed  can  be  dis- 
pensed with  and  the  cost  reduced  about  40  per  cent. 


TANKS.  197 

Tanks. 

At  way  stations  the  water  tank  is  usually  placed  on  the  right  of 
way  convenient  to  the  track  so  that  locomotives  can  take  water 
direct;  in  yards  the  tank  is  placed  about  the  center  of  distribution 
when  possible,  arranged  so  that  it  will  not  interfere  with  future 
extensions.  In  large  yards  duplicate  tanks  are  provided,  and  they 
are  sometimes  raised  high  enough  to  provide  sufficient  pressure  for 
fire  purposes.  Convenient  water  service  is  obtained  by  the  use  of 
standpipes  fed  from  the  tank. 

Construction.  —  A  diagram  of  the  ordinary  tank  structure  is 
shown  on  Fig.  90a,  and  consists  of  stone  or  concrete  foundations, 
wood,  steel  or  cast-iron  posts,  and  wood  or  steel  tank  with  frost- 
proof roof;  the  floor  of  the  tank  is  generally  3-inch  plank  on  wood 
or  steel  joists,  or  reinforced  concrete.  Frost  boxing  around  the 
supply  pipe  is  required  to  protect  it  from  freezing,  and  when  climate 
conditions  are  severe  the  inner  or  outer  posts  are  boarded  in,  or  the 
structure  is  enclosed  by  a  separate  house  as  per  Fig.  90c.  The 
space  enclosed  is  sometimes  used  as  a  pump  and  boiler  room  when 
convenient. 

Tank.  —  The  common  wood  tank  is  made  of  pine,  cypress,  fir, 
cedar,  or  other  suitable  timber;  the  staves  and  bottom  are  machine 
shaped,  so  as  to  fit  tight  when  erected,  and  are  assembled  with 
dowel  pins;  the  tank  walls  are  held  by  iron  bands  on  the  outside, 
fastened  with  lugs  and  bolts,  arranged  so  that  they  can  be  tight- 
ened up  when  necessary.  The  steel  tank  is  made  of  boiler  plates 
riveted  together  and  calked. 

The  sizes  vary  in  capacity  from  10,000  to  100,000  gallons  or 
more;  the  general  standard  is  from  40,000  to  50,000  gallons. 

Fixtures.  —  The  fixtures  consist  of  a  tank  valve  and  outlet  pipe 
with  elbow,  to  which  is  attached  a  sway  pipe  with  holdfasts, 
pull  chain,  hangers,  counterweights,  sheaves,  eyebolts,  guide  pipes, 
valve  rod,  indicator,  pulley,  chains,  sheaves,  and  float. 


198  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Fig.  90a. 


Fig.  90c. 
Water  Tanks. 


TANKS. 


199 


TABLE    49.  —  APPROXIMATE    COST    OF    WATER    TANKS    COMPLETE;     FOR 
TOWERS    20    FEET    HIGH    FROM   RAIL    TO    TANK    FLOOR. 


Approximate 
capacity  in 
gallons. 

Height 
tank 

staves. 

Diameter 
tank. 

Enclosed 
tanks,  wood. 
Fig.  90c. 

Semi-enclosed, 
wood. 
Fig.  90a. 

Semi-enclosed, 
masonry. 
Fig.  90b. 

10,000 

Ft. 
10 

Ft. 
14J 

$1000-1200 

20  000 

12 

18 

1200-1500 

30,000 
40,000 
50,000 
60,000 

14 
16 
16 
16 

21 
22 
25 

27 

$1800-2100 
2300-2800 
3300-3800 
4300-4800 

1500-1800 
1800-2200 
2600-3000 
3500-3800 

$1500-1700 
2200-2600 
3000-3500 
3800-4300 

NOTE.  —  In  the  above  cost  no  allowance  is  made  for  supply  pipes,  waste  and  drainage; 
these  generally  are  included  in  the  estimate  of  water  supply. 


For  cost  of  pump,  boilers,  etc.,  see  page  178. 
A  brief   description   of   a  40,000-gallon   enclosed  water   tank 
(Fig.  90c)  is  as  follows:  — 

Foundations.  —  Masonry  or  concrete  piers  under  each  post, 
1  foot  6  inches  square  at  top  and  4  feet  square  at  bottom,  depth 
5  feet.  The  piers  of  the  outer  posts  are  extended  to  catch  the 
foundation  sills  of  the  housing. 

Posts.  —  Outer  12"  X  12",  inner  12"  X  16"  upright,  well  braced 
and  tied  with  rods,  12"  X  12"  framing  and  12"  X  16"  cross  beams, 
with  oak  corbels  at  top  of  posts  and  4"  X  12"  joists  over,  covered 
with  3-inch  plank. 

Tub.  —  16-foot  staves,  bottom  outside  diameter  24  feet,  top 
outside  diameter  23  feet,  cedar  staves  3  inches  thick  with  iron 
bands  at  varying  intervals  on  the  outside. 

Housing.  —  The  housing  consists  in  building  an  ordinary  frame 
structure  around  the  tank,  supported  on  cedar  sills  resting  on  the 
foundation  piers.  The  walls  are  octagon-shaped,  set  back  to  get 
18  inches  clear  at  the  tub,  studs  2"  X  6"  at  2-foot  centers,  doubled  at 
corners,  with  4"X  6"  wall  plates,  and  2"X  6"  stiffeners,  and  double 
boarding  on  the  outside  with  building  paper  between.  The  roof 
is  made  of  2"  X  6"  rafters  and  ties,  covered  on  the  outside  with 
T.  and  G.  boarding  and  shingles  or  ready  roofing  on  top.  The 
frame  is  held  to  the  main  posts  of  the  tank  with  2"  X  6"  braces. 
The  mechanism  has  already  been  described  under  fixtures. 


200  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Approximate  cost  of  the  above  4:Q,QQQ-gallon  enclosed  tank.  — 


Quantities. 

Mate- 
rial. 

Labor. 

Total 
unit. 

Cost. 

94  cubic  yards  excavation 

$0.50 
8.00 

$47.00 
400.00 
28.00 

700.00 
650.00 
104.00 

45.00 
371.00 
75.00 

50  cubic  yards  masonry 

$3.50 
14.00 

18.00 
28.00 
70.00 

2.50 
171.00 
35.00 

$4.50 
14.00 

17.00 
22.00 
34.00 

2.50 
200.00 
40.00 

Cinder  floor 

20,000  feet  board  measure  housing,  per  thou- 
sand 

35.00 
50.00 

5.00 

13,000  feet  board  measure  tank,  per  thousand 
^^indows   doors   etc 

9  squares  shingles,  per  square  (100  square 
feet)        .                                 ... 

Hardware  and  mechanism  

Painting  and  glazing  

$2420  .  00 
Suoervision  and  contingencies  10%.  .                                                         242.00 

Total $2662.00 


STANDPIPES. 


201 


Standpipes.     (Fig.  91.) 

The  ordinary  track  water  column  or  standpipe  for  railroad  pur- 
poses is  principally  used  to  duplicate  the  water  service  from  a  main 
supply,  for  the  convenience  of  locomotives. 

As  it  takes  up  little  room  and  is  arranged  to  swing  clear  of  the 
tracks  when  not  in  use,  it  is  not  considered  a  serious  obstruction. 

They  are  used  very  extensively  at  stations,  yards,  and  other 
places  where  convenient  for  quick  service,  and  are  generally 
located  so  that  one  standpipe  will  serve  two  tracks,  the  distance 
being  made  wider  for  this  purpose.  When  tracks  are  parallel,  the 
minimum  distance  is  16-foot  centers. 

A  pipe  line  from  the  service  water  tank  the  full  size  of  the  stand- 
pipe  is  run  connecting  the  two  as  direct  as  possible,  so  as  to  render 
a  high  velocity  supply;  sometimes  the  connection  is  made  with  the 
city  or  town's  high  pressure  mains  and  charged  by  meter. 

The  standpipes  in  general  use  are  6,  8,  10,  and  12  inches,  weigh- 
ing from  2500  to  5000  pounds  each. 


__ 
Concrete  Floor 


STAND  PIPE 
Fig.  91. 

Approximate  cost  when  the  supply  line  does  not  exceed  50  feet.  — 

Wood  Concrete 

chamber.  chamber. 

6-inch  standpipe  complete  in  place  ..........  $300  to  $400  $400  to  $450 

8-inch  standpipe  complete  in  place  ..........     450  to    550  550  to    650 

10-inch  standpipe  complete  in  place  .........     500  to    600  600  to    700 

12-inch  standpipe  complete  in  place  .........     550  to    650  650  to    750 


202  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Construction.  —  The  standpipes  are  made  in  a  variety  of  designs 
and  usually  consist  of  a  cast  base,  wrought-iron  flanged  upright, 
steel  spout  with  splash  nozzle,  including  valves  and  operating 
mechanism,  as  per  Fig.  91. 

The  supply  is  controlled  by  levers  convenient  for  ready  use. 

The  valve  is  placed  in  a  wood  or  concrete  box  about  4  feet  wide, 
8  feet  long,  and  7  feet  deep,  with  wood  or  concrete  floor  dished  to 
drain;  a  frost-proof  cover  is  placed  over  the  pit  about  top  of  rail 
level,  on  which  the  cast  base  of  the  pipe  is  secured;  a  manhole  is 
also  inserted  for  inspection  purposes,  and  a  suitable  drain  is  neces- 
sary to  carry  off  the  waste  and  leakage. 


APPROXIMATE  ESTIMATE   FOR   SUPPLY   PIPE  AND   STANDPIPE.  — 

SUPPLY    PIPE    140    FEET  LONG. 
Supply  pipe: 

Excavation  for  supply  pipe,  110  cubic  yards  at  75  cts.     $  82.50 

C.  I.  pipe,  10-inch  supply,  5.26  tons  at  $35 184. 10 

Lead  for  joints,  168  pounds  at  8  cts 13 . 44 

Laying  pipe,  140  lineal  feet  at  17  cts 23 . 80 

Connections 10 . 00 

$313.84 

Standpipe:  . 

1  10-inch  standpipe  erected $350 . 00 

Excavation  for  pit,  10  cubic  yards  at  75  cts 7 . 50 

Concrete  pit 100.00 

57.50 
Drain  5  feet  deep: 

Excavation  164  cubic  yards  at  75  cts $125 . 00 

210  lineal  feet  4-inch  tile  pipe  laid,  at  16  cts 33 . 60 

Bell  trap  bends  and  connections 13 . 40 

170.00 

$941.34 
Supervision  and  contingencies  10% 94 . 66 

Total..  $1036.00 


DAMS. 


203 


Dams. 

Dams  for  impounding  water  for  gravity  service  average  from 
6  to  12  feet  in  height;  consisting  usually  of  an  earth  embankment 
or  such  material  as  can  be  had  conveniently  near  the  location,  or 
wood  crib,  or  stone  or  concrete  retaining  wall. 


-Trench 

EARTH  DAM 


-2"Plank 


/Back  Fill 


Mtttttfflffl 


xPlank.Box:filled  with  ston* 


WASTE  WEIR 
Fig.  92. 

Fig.  92  represents  the  general  cross  section  for  earth  dam; 
with  ordinary  material  it  is  recommended  that  the  upstream  slope 
should  not  be  steeper  than  1  to  3,  the  rear  slope  1^  to  1,  preferably 

1  to  1,  top  width  not  less  than  6  feet  for  a  height  of  10  feet  or  less, 
8  feet  wide  from  10  to  15  feet  high,  and  10  feet  wide  for  15  to  20 
feet  high. 

The  foundation  should  be  on  firm  ground,  with  all  sod  and  per- 
ishable matter  removed  over  the  entire  area  of  the  foundation  for 
a  depth  of  at  least  6  inches,  to  prevent  disintegration  and  possible 
leakage. 

When  the  height  exceeds  10  feet,  an  intercepting  or  bond  trench 

2  feet  deep,  from  6  to  12  feet  wide,  should  be  made  running  the  full 
length. 

The  inner  slope  should  be  protected  with  a  thick  layer  of  hard 
material,  and  when  subject  to  wave  action  a  further  layer  of  heavy 
rock  should  be  provided;  the  rear  slope  is  best  protected  by  sod. 

The  waste  way  if  possible  should  be  located  at  a  natural  gap.  If 
placed  close  to  the  dam,  care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  the  spill 
from  endangering  the  dam  from  washing,  saturation,  or  erosion,  by 


204 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


building  aprons  and  wings  to  prevent  the  water  from  passing 
around  or  under  the  dam.  For  safety,  waste  water  should  always 
be  discharged  at  a  distance  from  the  dam. 

Top  of  levee  should  be  at  least  6  feet  wide  and  level  with  top  of 
dam,  with  slopes  or  waste  side  not  steeper  than  1  to  3,  riprapped 
when  possible.  Difference  in  elevation  between  top  of  dam  and 
bottom  of  waste  way  should  not  be  less  than  4  feet,  with  slope  of 
dam  side  at  angle  of  repose. 

A  deep  fall  waste  should  have  checks  so  as  to  form  a  series  of 
smaller  falls. 

The  waste  way  may  be  constructed  of  timber  as  shown  in  sketch, 
though  permanent  material  is  more  desirable. 

Crib  and  Masonry  Dam.  —  When  the  location  is  convenient 
and  only  a  gap  or  small  length  of  dam  is  necessary  a  masonry 
or  concrete  wall  or  crib  as  illustrated  in  Figs.  93  and  94  is  often 
used. 


CRIB  DAM 

Fig.  93. 


Fig.  94. 


With  the  masonry  dam  it  would  be  necessary  to  have  a  waste 
way  at  some  natural  point  around  the  storage  reservoir  or  a 


DAMS.  205 

sluice  with  gate  valves  to  let  out  the  over  surplus  water  in  time 
of  floods  or  severe  storms. 

The  crib  dam  is  built  with  three  offsets  so  as  to  form  a  spill 
way  in  itself. 

The  approximate  cost  of  dams  will  vary  greatly,  depending  on 
local  conditions. 

Approximate  cost.  —  Earth  dams  12  feet  high,  per  lineal  foot, 
$5  to  $15.  Wood  and  crib  25  feet  high,  per  lineal  foot,  $40  to 
$60.  Stone  dam  25  feet  high,  per  lineal  foot,  $80  to  $150. 


APPROXIMATE  ESTIMATE  GRAVITY  WATER  SUPPLY  PIPE  LINE  2500  FEET 
LONG    (300    FEET    IN    DOUBLE   WOOD    BOX). 

Crib  dam: 

3000  lineal  feet  cedar  logs  at  15  cts $450. 00 

6000  feet  board  measure  timber  at  $50 300.00 

200  cubic  yards  boulder  fill  at  50  cts 100.00 

Waste  channel  and  fixing  up  gulley  for  overflow.  ...       150.00 

$1000.00 

Pipe  line: 

1800  cubic  yards  excavation  boulders  and  rock,  $2.00  $3600.00 

1500  cubic  yards  earth,  75  cts 1125.00 

25  tons  C.I.  4-inch  pipe,  $35 . 00 875 . 00 

16  tons  W.  I.  pipe,  $38 . 00 61 . 00 

1500  pounds  lead  for  joints,  Sets 120.00 

Hauling  and  distributing  pipes 125 . 00 

Laying  joints 125 . 00 

Valves,  bends,  etc 100 . 00 

6131.00 

Boxing  pipe  account  of  precipice  300  feet: 

10,600  feet  board  measure  timber,  per  thousand  $50.00     $530 . 00 

4200  square  feet  tar  paper,  10  cts 42 . 00 

Trestle  support  to  pipe  when  boxed 100.00 

672.00 


$7823.00 
Supervision  and  contingencies 777 . 00 


Total $8600.00 


206  RAILROAD   STRUCTURE  AND   ESTIMATES. 


Track  Tanks. 

Track  tanks  are  used  to  a  limited  extent,  and  usually  consist 
of  steel  troughs  placed  directly  on  the  ties,  to  hold  the  water 
so  that  locomotives  can  scoop  up  a  supply  while  in  motion,  and 
are  used  for  passenger  and  freight  service  to  expedite  train 
movement  on  congested  districts. 

A  comprehensive  article  in  detail  is  given  of  this  type  of  struc- 
ture in  the  Railroad  Gazette,  March  13,  1908,  by  H.  H.  Ross. 

The  tanks  must  be  located  where  the  supply  of  water  is  abun- 
dant and  of  good  quality;  15  to  50  per  cent  of  the  water  is  wasted 
by  being  forced  out  over  the  sides  and  ends  by  the  engine  scoops. 
The  speed  for  satisfactory  service  is  from  25  to  30  miles  per  hour, 
and  the  tracks  are  graded  at  the  approaches  to  enable  the  neces- 
sary speed  to  be  made,  and  for  this  reason  track  tanks  should  be 
away  from  any  structures,  crossings,  yards,  etc.,  and  be  well 
drained  so  that  the  water  that  gets  into  the  bank  is  carried  away 
quickly.  This  is  done  by  stone-filled  trenches  and  tile  between 
tracks,  the  ballast  being  covered  with  large  flat  stones  to  hold 
the  ballast  and  shed  the  water. 

Approximate  cost.  —  A  double-track  installation  will  cost 
$15,000  to  $30,000  exclusive  of  grading,  track  work,  and  drain- 
age. The  maintenance  averages  probably  about  8  per  cent  of 
the  cost. 

Construction.  —  The  ties  supporting  the  trough  should  be  of 
white  oak  8"  X  10"  X  8'  6"  long,  and  track  thoroughly  surfaced 
and  filled  in  with  stone  ballast  and  same  quality  of  ballast  con- 
tinued for  at  least  1000  feet  beyond  the  troughs  on  the  trailing 
ends,  and  all  ties  tie  plated. 

Water  is  usually  supplied  from  elevated  tanks,  with  a  large- 
sized  main  reduced  for  the  different  inlets;  1J  to  2  minutes  are 
required  to  refill  trough  after  an  engine  has  scooped,  and  the 
filling  is  done  with  automatic  valves. 

Trough  recommended,  28  inches  wide,  7J  inches  deep,  and  2000 
feet  long,  to  give  5000  to  6000  gallons  in  a  run.  When  track  tanks 
are  used  in  cold  climates,  it  is  necessary  to  heat  the  water  to 
keep  it  from  freezing,  which  is  done  by  steam  blowing,  or  by 
circulating  by  means  of  a  pump  or  an  injector. 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  207 


CHAPTER  VII. 
RAILROAD  SHOPS. 

THE  cost  of  slow-burning  mill  construction  shops,  usually 
built  to  conform  with  the  underwriters'  requirements  in  fire 
resistance,  is  given  in  Table  50,  and  the  construction  generally 
is  as  follows. 

Foundations.  —  Masonry  or  concrete  foundation  walls,  from 
floor  to  five  feet  below  ground,  or  to  such  depths  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  secure  a  good  foundation,  finished  with  a  12-inch  cham- 
fered water  table  on  top. 

Walls.  —  Exterior  walls  built  of  common  brick,  faced  with 
second  quality  pressed  brick;  door  and  window  sills,  bush 
hammered  stone  or  concrete.  Walls  are  self-supporting,  24  to 
16  inches  thick  at  the  bottom,  and  not  less  than  12  inches  thick 
at  the  top,  with  pilasters  at  every  bay,  well  projected  inside 
when  carrying  trusses.  The  gable  walls  also  are  stiffened  with 
pilasters  between  doors  or  windows. 

Floors.  —  Floor  foundation  12  inches  cinders  in  which  4"X6" 
sleepers  are  embedded  4  feet  apart  and  covered  with  3-inch 
plank,  for  most  of  the  buildings. 

Roofs.  —  Flat  roof  construction  sloping  1  in  12  from  the 
central  axis,  and  covered  with  tar  and  gravel  on  3-inch 
plank. 

Lights.  —  The  buildings  are  lighted  by  large  windows  occupy- 
ing about  50  per  cent  of  the  wall  area,  and  roof  skylight  moni- 
tors about  12  feet  wide,  with  double  pitched  roofs  glazed  with 
rough  glass.  The  skylights  occupy  about  25  per  cent  of  the 
roof  area,  and  have  24-inch  ventilators  in  each  skylight. 

Office,  etc.  —  Small  lean-to's  are  placed  on  the  side  of  the 
buildings  for  lavatories,  fan  rooms,  and  shop  offices. 

Heat  and  Fire  Protection.  —  The  buildings  are  equipped 
with  the  sprinkler  system  of  fire  protection,  and  heated  by  the 
hot-air  method  or  exhaust  steam  vacuum  system. 


208 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Electric  Light.  —  Arc  and  incandescent  lamps,  open  wire  or 
pipe  conduit. 

Equipment.  —  The  equipment  is  given  in  percentage  of  total 
cost  in  Table  50  and  in  detail  in  Tables  51,  52,  and  53. 


TABLE  50.  — APPROXIMATE  COST  DATA  RAILROAD  SHOPS,   FOUNDATIONS 
5  FEET  BELOW  GROUND. 


Cost  of  building  only. 

ment 

Average  width 

add 

Shop  name. 

length,  and 

Contents. 

per 

height. 

cent  of 

Total. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cu.  ft. 

total 

cost.* 

Ft. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cu.  ft. 

Cents. 

Percent 

Blacksmith..  . 

146X434  and 

130X158X32 

83,600 

2,697,000 

$101,000 

$1.20 

3f 

30 

Cabinet  

62X580X27 

36,900 

954,700 

53,000 

1.43 

M 

25 

Car  machine.  . 

130X288X27 

38,400 

1,066,600 

44,200 

1.15 

3 

25 

Car  truck  

82X434X20 

36,800 

763,600 

38,  600 

1.05 

5 

20 

Dry  kiln,  soft 

wood  

70X   85X16 

6,900 

96,500 

7,400 

1.05 

7* 

90 

Dry  kiln,  hard 

wood  

40X   85X16 

3,700 

51,700 

4,200 

1.11 

8 

90 

Foundry,  gray 

iron  

122X342X30 

42,700 

1,354,700 

80,300 

1.90 

6 

40 

Freight  car.  .  . 

107X540X30 

59,500 

1,829,900 

76,700 

1.28 

25 

Frog     and 

switch  ..'.... 

102X264X22 

30,300 

674,000 

29,700 

.99 

4* 

30 

Locomotive, 

boiler,  erect- 

ing and  ma- 

chine   

163X168X50 

191,300 

9,520,800 

497,  200 

2.60 

5$ 

10 

Offices  

56X    80X54 

4,500 

241,900 

27,  700 

6.20 

12 

•  35 

Passenger  car 

erection  .... 

100X672X24 

69,400 

1,752,700 

69,000 

1.00 

31 

35 

Passenger  car 

paint  

100X672X24 

69,400 

1,752,700 

75,800 

1.07 

H 

35 

Pattern  

50X   82X26 

4,100 

135,500 

7,400 

1.80 

H 

25 

Pattern  stores 

50X150X30 

7,500 

247,500 

17,300 

2.31 

7* 

5 

Planing  mill.  . 

50X150X30 

63,300 

1,835,300 

64,400 

1.33 

4 

30 

Power  house.. 
Stores  general 

104X160X39$ 
85X594X33 

17,200 
50,500 

616,400 
1,653,500 

84,  700 
88,100 

4.92 
1.75 

a 

5} 

500 
20 

Wheel  foundry 

107X187X24 

24,300 

649,800 

46,700 

1.93 

n 

100 

*  Equipment  includes  heating,  plumbing,   fire  protection,  cranes,  elevators,  electric 
wires  and  lighting. 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  209 

TABLE    51.  — DATA    OF    MISCELLANEOUS    POWER    HOUSE    EQUIPMENT. 


Equipment. 

Approximate  cost  in 
place. 

Approximate  cost  per 
unit. 

Boilers  and  stokers                      .... 

$88,500 

$27.  50  per  B.  H.P. 

Generators  

50,600 

22.48  perKw. 

Engines    

68,000 

20.  88  per  H.P. 

Compressors             

15,400 

Economizers            

10,500 

Induced  draft    

11,500 

Ash-handling  apparatus 

1,500 

Piping                      

27,000 

Switchboard                    

28,000 

Feed  pumps                 

2,500 

Shaving  fppr]  and  storage 

8  800 

Total         

$312,300 

Rated  H.P.  boilers,  3219;  engines,  3265;  Kw.,  2250. 
TABLE    52.  —  SHOP    ELECTRIC    TRAVELING    CRANES. 


Shop  location. 

Number. 

Capacity. 

Motors  H.P. 
B.C.  250  v. 

Speeds  in  ft. 
per  minute 
loaded. 

1 
o 

Approximate  cost 
erected. 

d 

'3 

3 

>, 
"x 

3 
< 

I 

02 

x 
| 

3 

1 

6 

3 

Q 

>> 
£ 

g 

1 

s 

>i 

~x 
3 
< 

d 

'3 
§ 

>> 
.2 
1 

£ 
5 

M 

>, 

"x 

Erecting 

2 

1 
1 

60 
15 
10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
10 
2 

10 
5 

Ft. 
76* 
52 
52 
76* 
77 
60 
60 
30 
30 

Ft. 
25* 
25* 
25* 
25* 
30 
30 
22 
12 
20 

50 

27 
27 
25 
25 
25 
25 
5 
3 

7* 
3* 
3 
5 
3 
2 
2 

50 

27 
27 
25 
25 
25 
25 
5 
3 

27 
10 

10 
19 
27 
12 
25 
25 
25 
16 
10 

100 
125 
150 
100 
125 
100 
100 

250 
300 
300 
250 
250 
350 
350 
200 
200 

25 
20 

Ft. 
24* 
25* 
25* 

Dols. 
29,200 
5,800 
5,300 
9,500 
5,100 
5,000 
5,200 
2,500 
2,000 

Machine  
Machine 

Boiler 

Midway  
Foundry 

Foundry  
Foundry  
Frog  .  . 

TABLE    53.  —  ORDINARY    YARD    LIFT    STEAM    CRANES   WITH    BOILERS. 


Capacity. 

Radius. 

Approximate  cost 
erected. 

Tons. 

H 

2 
2 

25 
20 
25 

$2000  to  $2500 
1800  to    3000 
2500  to    3500 

TRANSFER  TABLE  75  tons  capacity,  75  feet  long,  complete  with  550-volt  motor  A.C., 
travel  125  feet  per  minute  loaded,  300  feet  per  minute  light  (cable  *  inch),  $5500  to 
$6500  erected,  without  foundations. 


210  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

The  Angus  shops  built  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  at 
Montreal,  H.  Goldmark,  engineer,  may  be  taken  as  a  typical  lay- 
out for  clustered  buildings  of  this  class,  and  the  following  brief 
description,  partly  taken  from  the  Railway  Age,  Dec.  9  and  16, 
1904,  embodies  the  principal  features  of  each  building  tabulated 
in  Table  50. 

Blacksmith  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  with 
pressed  brick  facing,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  steel  posts, 
trusses,  and  purlins,  wood  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and 
tar  and  gravel  roof. 

Skylights  over  the  center  running  the  full  length  of  shop. 
Floor,  12  inches  cinders.  Lavatory  and  office  accommodation 
inside  shop,  ground  floor. 

The  building  is  L-shaped,  with  extreme  dimensions  434' X  300', 
one  wing  being  146  feet  and  the  other  130  feet  wide. 

The  building  is  opposite  the  gray  iron  foundry  and  car  machine 
shop,  with  the  long  side  facing  the  midway.  In  the  interior  of 
the  building  the  wings  have  "  hip  "  roofs,  and  each  divides  into 
three  equal  aisles  by  row  of  columns  supporting  the  roof  trusses. 
The  center  aisle  has  a  clerestory  equal  to  the  width  of  the  trusses. 
The  building  covers  an  area  of  83,600  square  feet,  and  is  equipped 
with  tools  and  furnaces  for  working  iron.  The  furnaces  all  use 
oil  fuel,  so  that  there  is  little  smoke,  and  the  ventilation  is 
obtained  by  overhead  pipes  connected  with  large  exhaust  fans 
driven  by  electric  motors.  The  larger  hammers,  punches,  and 
shears  are  located  in  the  small  wing.  There  are  three  standard 
gauge  tracks  leading  from  the  forge  to  the  runway  and  overhead 
crane,  and  also  three  tracks  leading  from  the  smith  shop.  In 
addition  there  is  a  longitudinal  track  through  the  center  of 'the 
long  portion  of  the  building. 

Cabinet  and  Upholstering  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations, 
brick  walls  with  pressed  brick  facing,  door  and  window  sills 
stone,  wood  posts  and  rafters  in  cabinet  shop  and  steel  posts 
and  beams  in  storage  portion  and  upholstering  floor,  roof  3-inch 
plank  with  tar  and  gravel  covering.  Skylights  10  feet  wide 
running  lengthwise  over  the  center  of  the  building,  which  is 
62/X500/.  The  cabinet  shop  occupies  half  the  ground  floor, 
the  other  half  being  set  apart  for  hardwood  storage;  the  portion 
above  the  hardwood  storage  forming  a  second  floor  is  used  for  an 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  211 

upholstering  room.  The  building  is  located  convenient  to  the 
planing  mill,  the  passenger  car  shop,  and  the  dry  kiln,  and  is 
equipped  with  hoists,  stairs,  and  office  accommodation  inside, 
with  a  lavatory  lean-to  on  outside  of  building.  Ground  floor, 
3-inch  plank  on  4"X6"  sleepers  4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch  cinder 
bed;  upper  floor,  3-inch  plank  on  wood  joists. 

Car  Machine  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  with 
pressed  brick  facing  and  stone  trimmings  for  door  and  window 
sills,  steel  posts,  wood  trusses  and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch 
plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof,  skylights  in  each  bay  12  feet 
wide  by  60  feet  long.  Floor,  3-inch  plank  on  4"  X  6"  sleepers 
4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch  cinder  bed. 

The  shop  is  288  by  130  feet.  It  has  three  lines  of  track  run- 
ning through  it  longitudinally.  The  cross  section  is  divided 
into  equal  spans  43  feet  4  inches  by  steel  columns  24-foot  centers, 
which  support  the  wooden  roof  trusses.  A  lean-to  on  one  side 
of  the  building  provides  office,  lavatory,  and  fan  room  accommo- 
dations. 

Car  Truck  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  with 
pressed  brick  facing,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  wood  posts 
and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof. 
Floor,  3-inch  plank  on  4"  X  6"  sleepers  4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch 
cinder  bed.  The  shop  is  82  by  434  feet.  It  is  divided  into  three 
equal  sections  each  26  feet  8  inches  span  at  the  western  portion, 
where  steel  columns  and  supporting  steel  beams  are  used,  while 
the  eastern  portion  is  entirely  of  wood  construction  and  here 
there  are  four  sections  each  20-foot  span.  The  steel  construc- 
tion was  used  for  the  purpose  of  handling  trucks  from  overhead 
supports. 

On  one  side  of  the  building  there  are  two  16  by  24  feet  fan  houses 
and  on  the  opposite  side  two  12  by  18  feet  lavatories  and  toilet 
rooms. 

Dry  Kilns  (soft  and  hard  wood).  —  Masonry  foundations, 
brick  walls  outside,  wood  partitions  inside,  wood  roof  covered 
with  tar  and  gravel. 

The  dry  kiln  has  three  compartments  —  one  for  softwood,  19  by 
85  feet,  one  for  hard  wood,  19  by  85  feet,  and  an  additional  21 
by  85  feet  compartment  for  miscellaneous  work.  These  are 
equipped  with  patent  heating  apparatus.  There  are  no  end 


212  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

walls,  but  the  openings  are  covered  by  canvas  doors  operated  by 
an  overhead  roll  like  a  curtain. 

Foundry  Iron.  — Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  window  and  door  sills  stone,  steel  posts,  trusses, 
and  purlins,  wood  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and  tar  and 
gravel  roof.  Skylight  lengthwise  along  center  of  house.  Floor, 
3-inch  plank  on  4"X6"  sleepers  and  12-inch  cinder  bed  for  the 
chipping  and  tumbler  room,  office,  sand  and  facing  room,  12  inches 
sand  for  the  molding  floor,  concrete  for  the  blower  room,  and 
cinders  and  clay  for  the  cupola  room. 

The  iron  foundry  is  122  by  342  feet,  located  near  the  locomo- 
tive shop,  with  one  end  facing  the  midway.  The  cross  section 
of  the  building  is  in  three  sections,  the  central  one  having  a 
height  of  29  feet  to  the  lower  side  of  the  roof  truss,  and  it  is  served 
by  a  traveling  crane  of  57-foot  span  and  10  tons  capacity. 
The  side  wings  are  each  30  feet  wide  and  16  feet  high.  Over 
the  cupola  room  there  is  a  second  story  with  a  storage  bin  and  a 
heavy  platform,  which  serves  as  a  charging  floor.  This  is  an 
extension  to  which  the  yard  crane  delivers  pig  iron  and  coke. 
This  building  covers  an  area  of  42,700  square  feet. 

Data  of  electric  traveling  cranes  are  given  in  Table  52. 

Freight  Car  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced 
with  pressed  brick,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  steel  posts 
24-foot  centers,  wood  trusses  and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank 
and  tar  and  gravel  roof,  skylight  over  each  bay.  Floor,  3-inch 
plank  on  4/'X6//  sleepers  4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch  cinder  bed; 
every  seventh  bay  has  a  brick  fire  curtain  wall  with  communi- 
cating fire  doors. 

The  shop  is  107  by  540  feet,  and  is  served  by  a  yard  crane 
across  one  end  and  by  four  longitudinal  tracks  running  through 
it.  There  are  also  two  intermediate  tracks  for  supplies  and  six 
traveling  cranes  fitted  with  air  hoists  for  handling  heavy  material. 

On  one  side  of  the  building  there  are  two  16  by  24  feet  fan 
houses  and  one  12  by  41  feet  lavatory  and  one  12  by  40  feet 
office  in  a  one-story  lean-to.  The  roof  trusses  are  supported  on 
steel  columns,  which  carry  12-inch  girders  for  three  1-ton  travel- 
ing air  hoists  in  each  aisle  of  the  building.  The  wall  girders  for 
the  crane  runways  are  carried  on  steel  brackets  bolted  through 
the  pilasters. 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  213 

Frog  and  Switch  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls 
faced  with  pressed  brick,  window  and  door  sills  stone,  steel 
columns  and  purlins,  wood  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank 
and  tar  and  gravel  roof.  Skylights  along  center  of  shop.  Floor, 
3-inch  plank  on  4"X6"  sleepers  at  4-foot  centers  and  12-inch 
cinder  bed. 

.  The  shop  is  102  by  264  feet,  has  a  single  track  extending 
through  it,  and  is  also  served  by  a  33-foot  2-ton  traveling  crane 
in  two  of  the  three  sections  into  which  it  is  divided.  Data  of 
electric  traveling  cranes  are  given  in  Table  52. 

Locomotive,  Erecting,  and  Machine  Shop.  —  Masonry  foun- 
dations, brick  walls  faced  with  pressed  brick,  door  and  window 
sills  stone,  steel  posts  and  trusses,  wood  rafters  covered  with 
3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof,  with  skylights  and  ventila- 
tors, 3-inch  plank  floor  on  4  by  6  sleepers  at  4-foot  centers  on  a 
12-inch  cinder  bed. 

The  locomotives  are  handled  by  two  60-ton  cranes  of  77-foot 
span,  each  with  10-ton  auxiliary  hoist. 

In  the  machine  shop  there  is  one  15-ton  crane  of  77-foot 
span,  with  a  runway  which  is  the  extension  of  the  erecting 
shop.  All  cranes  driven  by  continuous-current  motors  at  250 
volts. 

The  walls  of  the  locomotive  shop  are  48  feet  high  to  the  eaves; 
they  are  divided  into  panels  22  feet  wide  by  pilasters  which 
carry  the  roof  trusses.  Each  panel  has  two  windows  12  feet 
wide  and  16  feet  high.  In  each  roof  panel  there  is  a  transverse 
monitor  12  by  72  feet,  with  double  pitched  skylight  roof,  and  in 
the  sides  2  by  3  feet  ventilating  doors. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  shop  there  are  four  12  by  24  feet  one- 
story  extensions,  which  are  used  as  lavatories.  The  balcony  is 
used  for  a  sheet-iron  shop  and  for  light  machinery. 

The  boiler  shop  occupies  300  feet  of  the  south  end  of  the  build- 
ing, is  supplied  with  a  17-foot  gap  hydraulic  riveter,  and  above 
it  the  riveting  tower,  which  occupies  one  panel  of  the  80-foot 
bay,  is  65  feet  from  top  of  rail.  There  are  two  25-ton  hydraulic 
cranes. 

The  shop  equipment  is  a  hydraulic  triple  punch  and  a  two- 
plunger  flanger,  four  riveting  furnaces  and  a  flange  furnace, 
hydraulic  punch  and  shears,  small  hydraulic  riveter,  hydraulic 


214  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

pump,  the  machine  tools  served  by  cranes  50-foot  span,  one 
15-ton  and  the  other  10. 

The  machines  include  a  very  long  planer,  a  heavy  3-headed 
frame  slotted  machine  and  a  driving  wheel  press  and  a  milling 
machine  for  cylinders,  a  four-spindle  frame  drilling  machine 
direct  driven  by  four  motors,  and  one  electric  oil  pump,  3-spindle 
cylinder  borer  direct  driven,  10-horsepower  motor,  a  cylinder 
planer  direct  driven  by  electric  motor,  large  driving  wheel 
lathe. 

Two  10-ton  cranes  for  the  outside  runways,  with  one  25-horse- 
power  and  8-horsepower  direct-current  250-volt  motors. 

One  20-ton  77-foot  crane  in  the  boiler  section  of  the  locomo- 
tive shop,  and  one  10-ton  50  feet  span  crane  in  the  iron  foundry, 
and  one  10-ton  crane  in  the  engine  room  of  the  power  plant,  and 
in  addition  a  number  of  small  cranes  and  air  hoists  in  the  other 
shops.  0 

Data  of  electric  traveling  cranes  are  given  in  Table  52. 

Offices  (Main).  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced 
with  pressed  brick,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  wood  floors  and 
partitions,  slate  roof.  Interior  natural  finish  and  plastered  walls 
burlapped  6  feet  high  in  halls.  Lavatory  and  toilet  accommo- 
dations on  each  floor. 

The  building  is  56  by  80  feet,  three  stories  high,  with  a  base- 
ment and  attic  near  the  center  of  the  building.  The  basement 
to  be  used  for  testing  room,  lavatory  and  heating  apparatus, 
storage  and  small  offices.  The  first  floor  is  for  clerks  and  store- 
keepers, the  second  for  officials  of  rolling  stock  and  car  builders, 
and  the  third  for  drafting  room  and  blue-print  room. 

Passenger  Car  Shop  (Erection  and  Paint) .  —  Masonry 
foundations,  brick  walls  faced  with  pressed  brick,  door  and 
window  sills  stone,  wood  posts,  and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch 
plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof,  skylights  in  each  bay,  floor  3-inch 
plank  on  4  by  6  sleepers  at  4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch  cinder 
bed. 

The  passenger  car  erection  and  paint  shops  are  each  100  by 
672  feet,  and  they  are  served  by  an  electric  transfer  table  75  feet 
long  operated  by  a  20-horsepower  alternating-current  motor. 
Each  shop  has  28  tracks  spaced  24  feet  center  to  center.  On 
account  of  the  peculiarity  of  track  approach  to  the  shop  grounds, 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  215 

necessitated  by  the  contour  of  the  shop  yard,  the  transfer  pit  is 
placed  with  longitudinal  axis  parallel  to  the  long  shops.  In  the 
passenger  department  the  cars  enter  the  transfer  table  by  a  long 
curve  from  the  main  shop  track. 

Pattern  Storage.  —  Masonry  foundation,  brick  walls  with 
pressed  brick  facing,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  steel  posts  and 
rafters  and  reinforced  concrete  roof  covered  with  tar  and  gravel, 
with  skylights  over  roof.  Intermediate  wood  posts  support  the 
floors. 

Ground  floor,  concrete  on  a  sand  bed;  first  and  second  floors, 

heavy  floor  beams  and  4J  by  3|  flooring  with  IJ-inch  air  spaces. 

The  building  is  50  by  150  feet,  and  is  three  stories.     Inside 

light   only  is   obtained   from   skylights  in   the  roof.     The  four 

exterior  doors  are  covered  with  galvanized  iron. 

Pattern  Shop.  —  Masonry  foundation,  brick  walls  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  window  and  door  sills  stone,  wood  posts,  beams 
and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof. 
Ground  floor,  3-inch  plank  on  4  by  6  sleepers  4-foot  centers  and 
12-inch  cinder  bed.  First  floor,  2-inch  T.  and  G.  planks  on 
6"X12"  joists  about  4-foot  centers. 

The  pattern  shop  is  50  by  82  feet,  two  stories  high,  and  is 
located  on  the  midway  opposite  the  blacksmith  shop. 

Planing  Mill.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  window  and  door  sills  stone,  steel  posts,  wood 
trusses  and  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel 
roof,  with  skylights  over  each  bay. 

Floor,  3-inch  plank  on4"X6"  sleepers  4-foot  centers  on  12-inch 
cinder  bed.  The  planing  mill  is  126  by  500  feet,  similar  in  con- 
struction to  the  car  machine  shop,  but  has  one  row  of  columns 
which  divides  it  into  longitudinal  aisles.  There  is  a  track  pass- 
ing through  the  center  of  each  aisle  and  one  transverse  track 
with  turntables  at  the  intersection  which  connects  with  the  dry 
kiln. 

Power  House.  —  Masonry  foundation,  brick  walls  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  steel  trusses,  wood  rafters  covered  with  3-inch 
plank  and  waterproof  covering  with  a  2-inch  air  space  and  a  cover- 
ing of  1J"T.  and  G.  boards  on  top  finished  with  tar  and  gravel 
roof  with  skylights  over.  Boiler  and  pit  duct  room  floors  6  inches 
concrete,  engine  room  floor  hardwood.  A  steel  frame  is  placed 


216  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

around  the  smoke  stack,  leaving  two  feet  clear  on  each  side.  The 
stack  is  also  insulated  by  sheet  steel  and  heavy  asbestos  board 
to  guard  against  fire. 

The  house  is  located  near  the  planing  mill  in  order  to  use  the 
refuse  lumber  and  shavings.  The  building  is  101  by  168  feet, 
divided  by  a  longitudinal  middle  wall  into  boiler  and  engine 
room.  The  engine  room  is  equipped  with  a  10-ton  traveling 
crane. 

Engine  and  generator  equipments  are  as  follows:  Three  750 
and  one  375  horsepower  cross  compound  horizontal  Corliss 
engines,  making  150  revolutions  per  minute,  direct  connected 
to  three  500-kilowatt  and  one  250-kilowatt,  three-phase,  300- 
volt,  alternating-current  generators;  two  250-kilowatt,  250-volt 
direct-current  dynamos  for  the  crane  service,  air  compressors  to 
supply  air  at  100  pounds  pressure  through  one  seven-inch  and  one 
two-inch  main  leading  to  the  different  shops. 

In  the  boiler  house  there  are  four  416-horsepower  boilers 
working  under  a  pressure  of  150  pounds  and  one  300-horsepower 
boiler  at  300  pounds  working  pressure  used  in  testing  locomo- 
tives; boilers  hand  stoked,  equipped  with  shaking  grates. 

There  is  a  shaving  exhaust  system  for  supplying  the  boilers 
with  the  refuse  from  the  planing  mill.  The  induced  system  of 
draft  is  used  on  the  boilers,  and  the  stack  is  of  steel  8  feet  in 
diameter  and  70  feet  high.  The  induced  draft  is  operated  by 
two  10-foot  fans  each  making  200  revolutions  per  minute. 
Two  economizers  are  used  and  are  sufficient  for  the  five  boilers 
already  installed.  Further  data  of  cost  are  given  in  Table  51. 

The  boiler  connects  with  a  12-inch  header,  and  there  are  reduc- 
ing and  by-pass  valves  provided  to  permit  high-pressure  steam 
to  be  used  in  the  mains  from  the  low-pressure  battery. 

There  are  two  12"X7"X12"  and  two  6"X3i"X6"  feed  pumps, 
also  feed  water  heater.  Underneath  the  boiler  house  is  a  tunnel 
terminating  at  an  air  hoist  for  lifting  the  ash  cars  to  the  surface 
track.  The  ashes  are  discharged  to  floor  hoppers,  from  which 
they  are  emptied  into  the  tunnel  cars.  The  steam  pipes  are 
carried  from  the  power  house  to  the  several  buildings  in  a  tunnel 
6  feet  high,  4£  feet  wide,  built  of  brick.  Wall  brackets  carry  the 
live  steam  pipes  for  heating  by  night  and  exhaust  steam  by  day, 
a  high-pressure  steam  pipe  for  locomotive  tests,  the  compressed 


RAILROAD   SHOPS.  217 

air  pipes,  and  a  return  pipe  for  drainage  of  all  the  heating  appa- 
ratus. The  steam  exhaust  pipes  are  covered  with  asbestos  air 
cell  covering  wired  on.  A  few  of  the  smaller  mains  are  carried 
underground  in  wooden  boxes.  The  distribution  of  electric  power 
to  the  different  shops  is  by  bare  wire  on  steel  poles. 

Data  of  miscellaneous  power  house  equipment  are  given  in  Table 
51  and  electric  traveling  cranes  in  Table  52. 

Stores.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced  with  pressed 
brick,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  wood  posts  and  rafters 
covered  with  3-inch  plank  and  tar  and  gravel  roof.  Ground 
floor,  3-inch  plank  on  4  by  6  sleepers  4-foot  centers  on  a  12-inch 
cinder  bed;  second  floor,  2-inch  T.  and  G.  plank  on  heavy 
joists. 

The  house  is  85  by  594  feet,  and  is  located  with  one  end 
facing  the  midway  directly  opposite  the  end  of  the  large  machine 
shop.  This  building  is  two  stories  high;  it  has  wooden  roof 
girders  supported  by  three  longitudinal  rows  of  wooden 
columns,  which  carry  a  center  gallery  supported  on  joists  between 
girders.  The  sills  of  the  windows  are  13 J  feet  above  the  floor 
line  to  allow  for  storage  racks  and  shelves  on  the  walls  below 
them.  The  gallery  is  lighted  by  12-foot  standard  monitors 
extending  the  whole  length  of  the  building. 

Offices,  scales,  hoists,  and  lavatory  and  toilet  accommodation 
are  provided  on  the  ground  floor. 

Wheel  Foundry.  —  Masonry  foundations,  brick  walls  faced 
with  pressed  brick,  door  and  window  sills  stone,  steel  posts, 
trusses,  and  purlins,  wood  rafters  covered  with  3-inch  plank  and 
tar  and  gravel  roof;  skylights  in  each  bay;  moulding  floor,  12  inches 
cinders  and  clay. 

The  foundry  is  located  on  the  extreme  northwest  portion  of 
the  yard  and  is  convenient  to  the  freight  car  and  truck  shops. 
It  is  107  by  187  feet,  and  is  divided  into  three  sections  trans- 
versely, two  of  them  of  52  feet  6  inches  span.  The  cupola  room, 
27  feet  wide,  is  two  stories,  having  a  length  of  90  feet,  and  the 
second  floor  is  built  like  that  on  the  iron  foundry,  having  a 
charging  floor  on  the  opposite  side.  There  is  a  one-story  extension 
12  by  27  feet  for  toilet  room  and  lavatory.  At  each  end  of 
the  building  40  feet  is  used  for  the  annealing  pits,  and  this  is 
served  by  a  3000-pound  crane,  running  transversely  to  the 


218  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

longitudinal  axis  of  the  building.  This  building  covers  an  area 
of  24,300  square  feet. 

Electric  and  Telephone  Installation.  —  There  are  about 
200  electric  motors  used  in  the  different  shops,  and  only  15  of 
them  are  of  the  variable-speed  type.  All  the  machine  tools, 
cranes,  transfer  table,  heating  and  exhaust  and  the  various 
draft  fans  are  motor  driven.  The  constant-speed  motors  are  of 
three-phase  induced  type,  using  current  at  550  volts. 

In  the  buildings  there  is  a  mixed  system  of  open  porcelain  cleats 
and  slow-burning  waterproof  wire  in  the  ceiling  and  Richmond 
conduits  and  rubber-covered  wire  on  the  side  walls.  Cut-out 
boxes  are  supplied  for  about  every  100  horsepower  of  motor 
wire  and  every  10  kilowatts  of  lighting.  The  shops  and  yards 
are  lighted  with  four  hundred  110- volt  enclosed  arc  lamps  and 
in  addition  3800  16-candlepower  incandescent  110-volt  lamps. 

In  the  passenger  car  shops  low  extension  arc  lamps  are 
installed. 

In  the  yard  there  are  50  enclosed  series  arc  lamps. 

There  is  a  complete  telephone  system  using  fixed  telephones 
connecting  to  long-distance  wires. 

This  system  is  equipped  with  metallic  circuit,  electric  gener- 
ators for  ringing,  and  self-restoring  drops. 


SPECIFICATIONS  AND   FORMS.  219 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

INSTRUCTIONS    REGARDING     SPECIFICATIONS,     PRO= 
POSALS,  CONTRACTS,  PLANS,  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Specifications  and  Forms. 

ENGINEERS  should  be  supplied  with  printed  copies  of  the  speci- 
fications and  forms  mentioned  in  the  list  given  below.  They 
are  intended  to  cover  the  entire  general  field  of  railroad  con- 
struction, and  to  be  used  for  all  contract  work. 

Preferably  complete  plans  and  specifications  should  be  fur- 
nished to  contractors. 

When  calling  for  bids  use  the  Standard  Printed  Specifications 
with  Form  F.  4,  d,  1  attached  for  buildings  and  kindred  structures, 
and  Form  F.  4,  d,  2  for  general  railroad  construction. 

To  make  a  complete  specification  it  is  only  necessary  to  insert 
the  numbers  of  such  clauses  (from  the  printed  specifications)  as 
may  be  desired  opposite  the  given  items.  (See  Form.) 


Unit  Prices. 

Buildings  and  Kindred  Structures. — The  usual  custom  is  to 
obtain  unit  prices  in  addition  to  lump  sum  prices  for  the  various 
trades  and  a  lump  sum  for  the  entire  work,  as  itemized  on  the 
form. 

When  unit  prices  are  not  necessary  a  note  to  that  effect  can  be 
written  across  the  columns. 

General  Railroad  Construction. — The  contract  is  governed 
principally  by  unit  prices,  though  approximate  quantities  are 
often  given  and  itemized  as  a  lump  sum  bid. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  such  quantities  should  not  enter  into 
the  contract  as  final  but  simply  given  as  a  fair  approximate  esti- 
mate, the  contractor  to  be  paid  for  the  actual  work  done,  more 
or  less  as  the  case  may  be. 


220  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES   AND   ESTIMATES. 

When  making  a  comparison  of  bids  received  on  unit  prices  the 
engineer  usually  has  his  estimated  quantities  from  which  he 
figures  the  probable  cost  of  the  work,  and  incidentally  is  enabled 
to  detect  unbalanced  bids,  that  is,  bids  sent  in  with  a  low  total 
and  high  and  low  unit  prices;  the  contractor,  figuring  on  the 
probable  variation  of  the  most  likely  quantities  and  those  that 
will  not  vary  very  much,  manipulates  his  units  accordingly,  so 
that  should  he  get  the  work  the  final  results  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances will  generally  be  to  his  advantage  and  detrimental 
to  the  company. 

The  proposal  and  contract  forms  generally,  are  from  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  Company's  standards. 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


221 


LIST  OF  STANDARD  SPECIFICATIONS  AND  FORMS. 


A. 


F. 


P. 


1.  Angle  Bars.                          1.    Fences,  Wood  (Snow,  1.    Privies. 

2.  Ash  Pits.                                         etc.).  2.    Pump  Houses. 
2.   Fences,  Wire  (right  of  3.   Pumps  and  Boilers. 

way).  4.   Paint. 

' ' 3.   Freight  Sheds.  5.   Piling. 

4.    Forms.  

4a.   Notice  to  Contractors  

r>                                         (asking  bids) .  

4b.   Proposal    (Brief    de- 

1.  Bolts.  scription      proposed 

2.  Boiler  Houses.                               work).  T> 

3.  Bunk  Houses.  4c.   Contract  (Final). 

4.  Bridges,  Steel  (Section      4d.   Standard      Specifica-  1.   Rails,  Steel. 

A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and                tion,  Forms  1  and  2.  2.   Repair  Sheds. 

F.)  4e.   Notice   to    Successful 

5.  Building   Specification                Bidder     (Award    of  

(General).  Contract).      . 

4f .   Notice  to  Unsuccess- 

ful  Bidders   (Result 

. .    of  Contract) .  a 

4g.    Estimating,         Sum- 
mary List.  1.    Shanties. 

r<                             4h.   Estimating,     Detail  2.   Stone  Masonry  (Class 

List.  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E). 

1.  Cement,     Sand,     and      3.   Stone  Arch  Culverts. 

Water.                                4.   Stone  Box  Culverts. 

2.  Concrete  (Class  A,  B,      5.   Spikes  (Steel) 

andC).  6.   Stations. 

3.  Concrete  Culvert  Pipe.  7.   Switches. 

4.  Concrete    Arch    Cul-                 .  8.   Stock  Yards. 

verts.  9.   Storehouses. 

5.  Concrete     Rail     Cul-       10.   Sand  Houses. 

verts.                                  11.    Section  Houses. 

6.  Cribs.                                    12.    Shelters. 

7.  Cast-iron  Pipe.  13.   Standpipes. 

8.  Cattle  Guards.                                        II .  14.    Sign  Posts. 

9.  Coaling  Plants.                  1.    Heating.  15.   Scrap  Sheds. 

10.  Construction     (Clear-       

ing,  Grubbing,  etc .) .  

11.  Color     Card      (Stan- 

dard). 

12.  Coal  and  Oil  Sheds.  T 

13.  Car  Sheds.  T. 

.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.      2.   Interlocking.  1-   Tile  Pipe  Culverts. 

2.  Tool  Houses. 

3.  Timber  Culverts. 

4.  Track  Work. 
T.  5.   Track  Scales. 

M  6-  Ties- 

1 .    Dams.  7.   Turntable  and  Pit. 

1.   Masonry.  8.   Tunnels. 

9.  Trestles  (Timber). 

!i. i ........... '. .       .......................  10.   Trestles  (Steel). 

E.  O. 

1.    Engine  Houses.  1 .   Oil  Houses. 

W. 

1.    Water  Tanks. 


222 


SPECIFICATIONS   AND   FORMS. 


RAILWAY  COMPANY. 


FORM  F.  4d  1 


SPECIFICATIONS 


Of  the  Material  and  Work  necessary  for  the  Erection  and  Completion 

of  a at 

according  to  the  plans  numbered 

General:  —  The  prices  shall  include  all  labor  and  material  for  the  work  com- 
plete, in  accordance  with  the  printed  specifications  attached  more  particularly 
under  the  clauses  mentioned  as  follows :  — 


ITEMS. 

SPEC. 

No. 

CLAUSES. 

UNIT. 

K 
0 

K 
PH 

CON- 
TRACT 
PRICE. 

Excavation,  Grading,  etc.: 
Excavation  (except  rock)  .  .  . 
Excavation,  etc... 

B5-1 

1,  2,  ,3,  4,  5, 

Per  cu.  yd  

1 

Rock,  per  cub. 
yd  
Driven,  per  lin. 
ft. 
In  place,  lin.  ft 
In  place,  each  .  . 
In  place,  lin.  ft 
In  place,  cub.  yc 
Contract  Price  .  . 

$.. 
$.. 

$.  . 

$.  . 
$.. 
$.. 

$'.."..'.' 

$.. 
$  

Piling  

Drains 

Manholes  
Agricultural  drains  
Cinder  fill 

Cement,  Sand,  etc.: 
Cement,  sand  and  water  .... 

Stone  Masonry: 
Stone  etc                            .... 

Cl 
B5-2 

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 

1  to  10  inclus. 
11,  Class  
11,  Class  

Contract  Price 

$.. 

$.. 
$.. 
$-. 
$.  • 
$.. 

Super,  sq.  ft.  .  .  . 
Cubic  yd  
Cubic  yd  
Sq.  (100  sq.  ft.) 

Contract  Price. 

Masonry  (walls  above  grade) 
Masonry  (walls  below  grade) 
Piers,  etc  
Damp  proofing                       .  . 

Mortar  

B5-3 

1  to  12  inclus.   . 

$.'.'.'.  '. 

Brick  Work: 
Brick  etc 

In  place,  per  M. 
In  place,  per  M. 
In  place,  per  M. 

$'..'.'  ','. 

Paving  brick  
Mortar 

Fireplaces  hearths  etc 

Concrete,  etc.: 
Concrete 

B5-4 

1  to  26  inclus  .  . 

Contract  Price.. 

Reinforced  steel 

In  place,  per  Ib  . 
In  place,  cu.  yd. 
In  place,  cu.  yd. 
In  place,  cu.  yd. 
Sq.  (100  sq.  ft.) 
In  place,  cu.  yd. 
In  place,  cu.  yd. 
In  place,  cu.  ft.. 
In  place,  cu.  ft.. 
In  place,  sq.  yd. 
In  place,  sq.  yd. 
Contract  Price  .  . 

'»  

Concrete   Class  ''A" 

Concrete,  Class  "  B"  
Concrete  Class  "C" 



$'.."..'.' 

Damp  proofing 

Concrete  pits 

Machine  foundations  
Pipe  ducts  
Encasing  steel  
Solid  concrete  floors 

Platforms  and  sidewalks 

Carpentry,  etc.: 
Timber  etc                    

B5-5 

1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 
8,  9,  10,  11,  12. 
13  to  29  inclus.. 

M.  ft.  B.  M  
..  ..do  

$.. 

*.. 

Millwork   etc 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 

$'.'.'.'.'. 

SPECIFICATIONS   AND   FORMS. 


223 


ITEMS. 

SPEC. 
No. 

CLAUSES. 

UNIT. 

'A 
0 

I 

CON- 
TRACT 
PRICE. 

Hardware  Fittings,  etc.: 
Hardware,  etc  

B5-6 

1,2  

[n  place,  per  set. 
[n  place,  per  post. 
[n  place,  per  door 
[n  place,  per  jack 

Stop  post  fittings  
Complete  shop  door  fittings  . 
Smoke  jacks 



$.".!!! 

Track  rails   etc 

Roofing,  Flashing,  etc. 

B5-7 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 

.  . 

Sq.  (100  sq.  ft.)  . 
Super,  sq.  ft  

Skylights 

[n  place,  sq.  ft.  .  . 
[n  place,  each.  .  . 
Contract  Price  .  .  . 

r~ 

$.'.'.'.'. 

Ventilators  
Plumbing: 
Plumbing,  etc  

B5-8 

1  to  14  inclus.  . 

[n  place,  each  .  .  . 
....  do  

Water  closets      

Baths                        

Lavatories 

..do  

Urinals 

do  

Sinks 

do 

'$.. 
* 

Water  supply,  etc  

Plastering,  etc.: 
Plastering  
Cornices  
Painting,  Glazing,  etc.: 
Painting  
Glazing  
Kalsomining 

B5-9 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5  .  .  .  . 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 

$  

Per  sq   yd 

Girth,meas  .sq  .  yd  . 
Contract  Price  .  .  . 

B5-10 

1,  2 

$  

3  coats,  sq.  yd. 
16  oz.  sq.  ft. 

3 

Per  sq   yd 

— 

$'.'.'.'.'. 

Whitewashing  . 

1  to  9  inclus.  .  . 

....  do  
..  ..do...  ...... 
Contract  Price  .  .  . 

Finish 

B5-11 

Electric  Wiring,  etc.: 
Wiring   etc. 

In  place,  each  .  .  . 
....  do  
..  ..do  

Outlets  

Wall  switches  

Circuit  switches  
Fixtures  



Heating,  etc. 
Hot  water  heating  
Steam  boiler  heating  
Steam  vacuum  heating  and 
steam,     air     and     water 
pipes. 
Hot  air  heating  and  steam, 
air  and  water  pipes. 
Steel  Work: 
Structural  steel  
Cast  iron  

HI 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 

B5-12 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 

$'.! 

$  
$  

Erected,  per  Ib  .  . 
Erected,  per  Ib  .  . 

Miscellaneous  : 
For  work  not  included  in  spec 
briefly  as  follows: 

ificatior 

i  but  shown  on  pla 

Contract  Price  .  .  . 
n  or  vice  versa, 

Contract  Price  .  . 

Total  Contract  Price 


.1 


The  Unit  Prices  given  will  govern  in  cases  of  deductions  or  additions,  after  the 
contract  is  let,  subject  to  "General  Contract  Conditions." 


Signature  of  Witness. 


Signature  of  Contractor. 


19 


224 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


RAILROAD  COMPANY. 


Form  F.  4d,  2. 


of  a  . 
from. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

Of  the  Material  and  Work  Necessary  for  the  Building 

..to.  . 


General:  —  The  prices  shall  include  all  labor  and  material  for  the  work  com- 
plete, in  accordance  with  the  printed  specifications  attached  more  particularly 
under  the  clauses  mentioned,  as  follows :  — 


ITEMS. 

# 

So 
eg* 

CLAUSES. 

UNIT. 

w 
o 

& 

Approx 
Quanti- 
ties 

AM'T. 

$ 

Roadway: 
Trees  reserved  

Clearing 

Per  cord,  128  cu. 
ft. 
100  ft  sq 

Grubbing 

do 

Grading: 
Excavation,  common  
Excavation 

.  .  . 

Cu.  yard  
do 

solid  rock  
loose  rock  
Tile  sub-drains 



..  ..do  
..  ..do  
Ft.   in  place 

Crosswaying  

100  ft.  sq  

Per  tree  removed 

Cu   yd    (100)  ft 

Tunnels: 
Excavation,  common.  .  .  . 

::': 

Per  cu.  yd  
do 

: 

' 

Timber  



M.  ft.  B.  M.,  in  pi 

Cast  iron                     

....  do  

Structures: 
Excavation,  common  .... 

Per  cu.  yd  
....  do  

rock  under  water  

..  ..do  

Cement,  etc.: 

«. 

Stone  Masonry: 
Class  "A" 

Cu.  yd.,  in  place. 

"B" 

....  do  

«C'  
"  TV' 

..  ..do.,  
do 

"E" 

.  .  • 

.  .do  

do  

Box  culverts 

..  ..do  

Concrete  Masonry: 
Class  "A" 

Cu.  yd.,  in  place. 

"B' 

.  .  .  .  do  

"C" 

.  .  ..do  

Sq.  ft.,  in  place.. 

Arch  culverts  



Cu.  yd.,  in  place, 
do  



. 

SPECIFICATIONS   AND   FORMS. 


225 


ITEMS. 

c 
|l 

JM 

CLAUSES. 

UNIT. 

H 
g 

• 
PH 

Approx 
Quanti 
ties. 

AM'T. 

$ 

Pipe  Culverts: 
Cast  iron  pipes  
Concrete  pipes 

Lin.  ft.,  in  place 
....  do  

Tile  pipes 

...  do  . 

Paving,  etc.: 
Riprapping  hand  laid  .  .  . 

Cu.  yd.,  in  place 

loose 

.  .  .  .  do  .  .  .  . 

.     do. 

Timber,  etc. 
Piles  
Sheet  piling  

Lin.  ft.,  in  place 
M.  ft.  B.  M.  in  pi 

Grillage        

....do  

Coffer-dams  

do  

Cribs  (frame)  
Cribs  (log)  

Cu.  yd.,  in  place 
....  do  

Box  culverts  

M.  ft.  B.  M.,  in  p 

Trestles: 
Timber  excepting  stringer 
Timber  stringers 

M.  ft.  B.  M.,  in  p 
...  do  . 

Wrought  iron  or  steel  .  .  . 

Per  lb.,  in  place 
do 

Wooden  Bridges: 
Timber  
Steel  rods  upset  
Steel  truss  plates  
Cast  iron  
Other  iron  and  steel  .... 
Open  Culverts: 
Timber  except  stringers  .  . 
Timber  stringers  
Steel  and  iron  

M.  ft.  B.  M.,  in  p 
Per  lb.,  in  place 
....  do  
..  ..do  
..  ..do  

M.  ft.  B.M.,inpl 
....  do  
Per  lb.,  in  place 



Cattle  Guards: 
Wood  cattle  guards  
Metal  cattle  guards    

Per  Xing,  in  place 
do 

Fencing  and  Gates: 
Seven-wire  fence  

Greeted   per  mile 

Five-  wire  fence  

do 

Picket  fence  
....  Ft.  wood  gates  

Erected,  per  lin. 
ft. 
"*er  gate  erected 

Ft.  steel  gates  

do 

Farm  Crossings,  etc. 
....  Ft.  farm  crossing  .... 
....  Ft.  farm  crossing  .  . 



n  place  complete 
do 



....  Ft.  public  road  cross- 

do 

ing. 
Sign  Posts: 
Mile  posts       

Each  in  place 

Mile  boards. 

do 

Station  mile  board   . 

do 

Rail  rack  posts 

do 

Whistle  posts 

do 

Highwav  crossings  signs  .  . 

..do  

Railway  crossings  signs.  . 

.  .do  

Stop  posts 

do 

Slow  posts  

..do  

Yard  limit  boards  

.  .do  

Trespass  signs  
Section  posts  
Elevation  posts  

•• 

.  ..do  
.  ..do  
...  do  

226 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES   AND   ESTIMATES. 


ITEMS. 

c 
£* 

So 

3F 

CLAUSES 

UNIT. 

w 
o 

p* 

Approx 
Quanti 
ties. 

AM'T. 

$ 

Klanger  posts 

Each,  in  place  .  . 
....  do  
..  ..do  

\Ving  posts 

Bridge  warning  

Bridge  and  trestle  numbe 
Culvert  number  

...   do  . 

do  

Track  Work: 
Ballast,  gravel  

Per  cu.  yd.,  in  pi 
....  do  

cinder  .   .            .       . 

dirt 

..  ..do  
..  ..do  

stone  

Ties,  No.  1  

Each,  in  place  .  . 
....  do  
..do. 

No.  2      

culls              ... 

switch. 

Per  set,  in  place 
Per  mile,  in  place 
....  do  
.   do  ... 

Track  laying  

Surfacing,  Class  "A"  .... 
"B".  ..  . 
Buildings    and    Kindred 
Structures: 
Ash  pits  

See  Form 

Built  complete  .  . 
....  do  
Per  sq.ft.  in  place 
Built  complete  .  . 
....  do  
do. 

Boiler  houses  

Bunk  houses 

Coal  platforms  
Coaling  plants  

... 

Coal  and  oil  sheds 

Car  sheds  

....  do  

Engine  houses  

do  

Freight  sheds 

do. 

Oil  houses 

do 

Privies,  No.  1  
No  2 

... 

do  

..  ..do   
do. 

Pump  houses 

Repair  sheds  .  . 

do  

Sand  houses 

do  

Section  houses  single 

do  

double  .  .  . 
Stations   No 

.    ..do  
.do  

No 

.  .  do  

No 

do  

Storehouses 

.  .  .do  
...  do  

Scrap  sheds 

Shelters 

...  do  

Standpipes  
Tool  houses   single 

do 

.   do  

4 

.   do  

Track  scales 

.  ..do  

do  

\Vater  tanks 

.  ..do  

\Vatchman  's  shanties 

.  ..do  

Miscellaneous: 



The  above  unit  prices  to  govern  all  contract  work,  subject  to  general  contract 
conditions. 


Signature  of  witness. 


Signature  of  contractor. 

..19.. 


PROPOSALS.  227 


Proposals. 

Proposals  Called  For.  —  Proposals,  specifications,  and  all 
forms  necessary  will  be  filled  out  in  detail  by  the  engineer. 

Sufficient  time  should  be  given  contractors,  so  as  to  secure 
appropriate  competition. 

Bids  shall  be  called  for  by  issuing  the  following:  — 

Notice  to  contractors Form  F.  4a        See  page  231. 

Proposal "     F.  4b         "       "    232. 

Contract "     F.  4c          "       "    234. 

Specification "     F.  4d,  1  or  2      "    222, 

Contract  drawings  (blueprints) . 

Lack  of  commercial  standing  on  the  part  of  the  bidder  will 
constitute  good  and  sufficient  ground  for  the  rejection  of  bid. 

Abnormally  low  bids  should  be  subjected  to  the  strictest  scrutiny 
and  comparison  with  prevailing  market  rates. 

All  bids  received  from  contractors  who  have  failed  unjusti- 
fiably to  fill  former  contracts  with  the  company  shall  be  rejected. 

Careful  investigation  will  be  made  of  the  financial  status  of 
individual  bondsmen  offering  themselves  as  securities  on  con- 
tractors' bonds,  and  no  bonds  of  individuals  shall  be  accepted  until 
it  is  conclusively  shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  engineer  that 
such  bonds  afford  ample  security  to  the  company  for  the  fulfil- 
ment of  the  undertaking  in  question. 

Accepted  Proposals.  —  Proposals  in  duplicate  will  be  for- 
warded to  the Engineer,  accompanied  by  proper  recom- 
mendations. 

Accepted  proposals  will  be  signed  by  the Engineer,  and 

one  copy  returned  to  the  engineer  for  the  preparation  of  con- 
tract. 

Engineers  will  advise  successful  bidders  of  award  of  contract, 
Form  F.  4e,  and  will  issue  instructions  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
work,  and  will  advise  all  contractors  who  have  tendered  the 
result  of  award  of  contract,  Form  F.  4f. 

In  cases  of  special  urgency,  authority  to  proceed  immediately 
with  the  work  may  be  obtained  by  telegraphing  rates  and 
amount  of  lowest  acceptable  tender,  but  proposals  to  cover  must 
be  prepared  and  forwarded  without  delay. 


228  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Unimportant  work  for  amounts  not  exceeding  $500  may  be 
performed  without  the  execution  of  formal  contracts.  In  such 

cases    acceptance  by  the Engineer  will    be    noted  on  the 

face  of  the  proposal  in  duplicate,  and  one  copy  will  be  returned 
to  successful  bidder.  Such  proposals  will  take  the  place  of 
formal  contracts. 

Contracts. 

Preparing  Contracts.  —  Upon  receipt  of  advice  of  accepted 
proposals,  contracts,  Form  F.  4c,  should  be  promptly  prepared 
by  the  engineer  in  duplicate.  When  duly  executed  by  contractors, 

contracts,  with  two  extra  copies,  should  be  sent  to  the 

Engineer,  with  accepted  proposals  attached  for  execution  by  the 
Company. 

After  execution  by  the  company  one  original  and  one  copy 
will  be  returned  to  the  engineer,  who  will  deliver  original  to  the 
contractor. 

In  preparing  contracts  the  following  instructions  should  be 
observed:  — 

1.  When  the  contractor  is  an  individual  (not  a  firm  or  corpo- 
ration), his  full  name  and  residence  should  be  inserted  on  the 
first  page.     He  should  sign  the  contract  in  his  ordinary  signature 
on  the  line  above  the  words  "  signature  of  contractor,  "  and  a 
seal  should  be  put  opposite  the  signature  over  the  small  circle  at 
the  end  of  the  said  line.     If  there  is  more  than  one  individual, 
have  him  do  so  in  a  similar  manner,  in  the  space  above  said  line, 
a  separate  seal  being  put  opposite  each  signature.  ;  *1 

2.  When  the  contractor  is  a  firm,  the  preferable  way  is  to 
make  each  member  of  the  .firm  a  party  and  have  him  sign  the 
contract.     For  instance,  a  contract  is  being  made  with  the  firm 
of  Smith,  Brown  &  Jones,  of  which  the  partners  are  John  Smith, 
Robert  Brown  and  James  Jones.     On  the  first  page  of  the  con- 
tract, describe  the  contractor  as  John  Smith,  Robert  Brown  and 
James  Jones,  carrying  on  business  at  London,  County  of  Simcoe, 
Ontario,  under  the  firm  name  and  style    of    "  Smith,  Brown  & 
Jones."     Have  each  member  of  the  firm  execute  the  contract  in 
the  same  manner  as  is  described  above  in  paragraph  one. 


CONTRACTS.  229 

3.  When  the  contractor  is  a  corporation,  care  should  be  taken 
to  see  that  the  proper  name  of  the  corporation  is  inserted  on  the 
first  page  as  the  contractor.      The  corporate  seal  of   the  corpo- 
ration should  always  be  affixed  to  the  contract,  and  the  contract 
signed  by  its  duly  authorized  officer  or  officers  as  in  the  following 
example: 

PREAMBLE:  "The  Railway  Construction  Company  Ltd.,  carry- 
ing on  business,  and  having  its  head  office  at  the  City  of  New 
York,  in  the  state  of  New  York." 

Execution:  — 

THE  RAILWAY  CONSTRUCTION  COMPANY,  LTD. 
Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  JOHN  JONES, 

by  the  contractor  in  pres-  President. 
ence  of                                                   •      PETER  ROBINSON, 
[CORPORATE!  Secretary. 

.|_         SEAL         J 

4.  The  execution  by  the  parties  to  the  contract  should  be 
witnessed  separately  or  collectively  as  required,  and  the  witness 
or  witnesses  should  sign  immediately  under  the  words  "Signed, 
sealed  and  delivered  by  the  contractor,"  etc. 

5.  Where  plans  or  specifications  do  not  accompany  contract, 
the  portion  of  clause  1  relating  to  same  should  be  stricken  out. 
If  work  is  in  accordance  with  Standard  Plans  or  Specifications 
reference  may  be  made  to  same  in  space  alloted  to  the  description 
of  the  work.     In  this  space,  reference  should  also  be  made  to 
tender  on  which  contract  is  based. 

6.  Clause  16  is  to  be  used  solely  for  schedule  of  sums  and  prices 
to  be  paid  by  the  company. 

7..  Additional  clauses,  if  any,  may  be  written  on  page  4,  below 
schedule  of  prices,  and  should  be  numbered  16  (A),  16  (B),  etc. 
If  necessary,  blank  sheet  4  (a)  can  be  inserted,  and  additional 
clauses  continued  on  same. 

8.  A  time  for  completion  should  be  agreed  upon,  and  a  penalty 
clause  for  noncompletion  within  specified  time  inserted.  The 
clause  should  be  of  the  following  general  form :  — 

"The  penalty  for  the  noncompletion  of  the  work  in  the  time 
specified  shall  be dollars  per  day  for  each  and  every  day 


230  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

which  may  elapse  between  the  time  specified  and  the  actual 
completion  of  the  work,  and  the  sum  shall  be  deducted  from  the 
amount  of  the  contract  price." 

9.   A  strike  clause  should  also  be  inserted  if  desired,  as  follows: 

"The  contractor  agrees  in  the  event  of  strikes  or  labor  trouble 

for  increase  in  rate  of  wages,  to  pay  such  increase  if  demanded 

by  the  Company,  and  shall  not  hold  up  or  delay  the  work  for  the 

causes  mentioned.  " 

Carrying  Out  Contract.  —  Contracts  once  executed  will  be 
strictly  construed,  and  no  variation  from  standards,  specifications 
or  plans  will  be  permitted. 

If  it  be  demonstrated  that  contract  requirements  are  unreason- 
able, or  that  the  work  is  not  practicable,  or  that  for  any  reason 
the  stipulations  cannot  be  rigidly  applied  or  enforced,  the  matter 
must  be  taken  up  with  the  Engineer  in  charge. 

To  sanction  any  variation  or  to  relax  stringency  in  any  par- 
ticular of  an  existing  contract  is  irregular  and  is  likely  to  give  the 
contractor  an  advantage  which  is  unfair  to  competitors  whose 
proposals  were  based  on  the  expectation  of  being  held  to  the 
strictest  observance  of  the  specifications. 

All  supplies  furnished  under  contract  will  be  subjected,  when- 
ever practicable,  to  the  personal  inspection  of  the  Engineer  at  the 
time  of  delivery,  and  in  the  case  of  work  being  fabricated  in  a 
shop,  the  inspection  is  to  be  made  before  shipping,  such  inspec- 
tion to  be  made  by  competent  inspectors,  subject  to  test  and 
verification  at  irregular  intervals  by  the  Engineer  in  charge. 


CONTRACTS.  231 

NOTICE  TO  CONTRACTORS. 

FORM  F.  4a. 
RAILWAY  COMPANY. 

ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT. 

..19.. 


To 


SIR  :  —  You  are  requested  to  tender  on  the  following  work : 


Copies  of  the  Proposal,  Specification,  Contract  and  Drawings,  together 
with  any  supplementary  information  required,  can  be  had  on  application. 

Sealed  proposals  will  be  received  at  the  office  of  the until 

12  o'clock  noon  on  the day  of 19 under  the  follow- 
ing condtions: 

Proposals  must  be  made  on  forms  furnished  by  the  Company. 

All  blank  spaces  and  unit  prices  in  the  proposal  must  be  filled  in, 
and  no  change  shall  be  made  in  the  phraseology  of  the  proposal  or  addi- 
tions to  the  items  mentioned  therein. 

The  Contractor  is  expected  to  examine  the  Specifications  and  Plans, 
to  visit  the  locality  of  the  work,  and  to  make  his  own  estimate  of  the 
facilities  and  difficulties  attending  the  execution  of  the  proposed  work 
and  the  completion  of  same  within  the  time  specified. 

All  Drawings,  Specifications  and  Proposal  Forms  furnished  by  the 
Company  shall  be  returned  to  the  Engineer  with  the  proposals. 

The  Contractors'  bond  will  be per  cent  of  the  amount  of  his 

proposal. 

Proposals  must  be  in  sealed  envelopes  addressed  to and 

the  envelopes  endorsed  "  Proposal  for " 


232  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


PROPOSAL. 

FORM  F.  4b. 
.  .RAILWAY  COMPANY. 


ENGINEERING   DEPARTMENT. 

For.. 


(Location) Division . 


The  undersigned  hereby  propose,  and  if  this  proposal  is  accepted, 

agree  to  enter  into  a  written  contract,  if  required,  with  the 

Railway  Company  to  supply  all  labor  and  material  and  complete  all 
work  according  to  the  plans  and  directions  of  the  Engineer  for  said 
Railway  Company,  in  conformity  with  the  specifications  attached  hereto, 
upon  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  contract  prepared  therefor,  and 
within  the  time  specified,  as  follows: 


All  the  above  work  to  be  completed  on  or  before 19. ... 

The  information  upon  which  this  proposal  is  based  was  obtained  by 
the  proposer  through  his  own  sources  of  knowledge,  and  was  not  derived 
from  any  officer  or  agent  of  the  Railway  Company. 

The  Railway  Company  reserves  the  right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids, 
and,  at  its  option,  to  require  a  satisfactory  bond  from  the  contractor  for 
faithful  performance  of  the  work. 

The  Railway  Company  shall  be  given  preference  at  equal  rates  on  all 
competitive  shipments,  and  no  such  shipments  will  be  routed  via  foreign 
lines  without  prior  notice  to  its  Traffic  Department. 

This  Proposal  is  made  with  the  understanding  that  no  free  or  reduced 
rates  whatever  will  be  given  by  the  Company  on  account  of  this  work, 
and  that  full  tariff  freight  and  passenger  rates  will  be  paid  by  the 
contractor. 

Signature  of  Proposer 

Address 

Date..  ..19.. 


CONTRACTS.  233 

FORM  F.  4f. 


RAILWAY  COMPANY. 

ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT. 

..19. 


To. 


SIR  :  —  I  beg  to  advise  that  the  contract  for. 


has  been  awarded  to  another  contractor  and  desire  to  thank  you  for  bid 
received.  If  you  have  not  already  done  so,  please  return  all  plans,  speci- 
fications and  proposals. 

Yours  truly, 


FORM  F.  4e. 
RAILWAY  COMPANY. 


ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT. 

..19. 


To, 


SIR:  —  I  beg  to  advise  that  your  bid  for 


has  been  accepted  and  duplicate  copies  of  the  Contract,  Specifications, 
and  Plans  are  in  this  Office  waiting  your  signature  for  execution.  Your 
prompt  attention  to  the  same  is  requested. 

Yours  truly, 


234 


RAILROAD  STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


GENERAL  CONTRACT  FORM. 


Hbts3  Biireement,  made  in  duplicate  the. 

day  of 

BETWEEN.  . 


FORM  F.  4c. 
,19.. 


Covenant  to 
do  work 


Date  of  com- 
pletion. 


Description 
of  work. 


hereinafter  called  "the  Contractor/'  of  the  one  part,  and 
THE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  herein- 
after called  "the  Railway  Company,"  of  the  other  part, 
witnesseth  as  follows : 

(1)  In  consideration  of  the  covenants  and  agreements 
hereinafter  contained  and  to  be  performed  by  the  Railway 
Company  and  of  the  prices  hereinafter  mentioned  the  Con- 
tractor hereby  covenants  and  agrees  with  the  Railway  Com- 
pany that  he  will  furnish  all  labor,  services  and  material 
required  by  this  contract,  and  will  construct,  complete  arid 
finish  in  the  most  thorough,  workmanlike  and  substantial 
manner  in  every  respect  to  the  satisfaction  and  approval  of 

the Engineer  for  the  time  being  of  the  Railway 

Company,  in  the  manner  herein  specified  and  limited  and 
according  to  the  Plans  and  Specifications  hereto  annexed, 
and  which,  for  the  purposes  of  identification,  have  been 
signed  by  the  Contractor  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Railway 
Company  and  form  part  of  this  contract,  and  will,  on  or 

before  the day  of 

next  (time  being  of  the  essence  of  the  contract),  finally  com- 
plete and  deliver  to  the  Railway  Company  the  following 
work,  that  is  to  say : 


it  being  understood  that  if  anything  has  been  omitted  from 
or  has  been  misstated,  in  the  plans  or  specifications  which 
is  necessary  for  the  proper  performance  and  completion  of 
any  part  of  the  work  contracted  for,  the  Contractor  shall, 
at  his  own  expense,  execute  the  same  as  if  it  had  been  in- 
serted and  properly  described  as  the  case  may  be,  and  the 
correction  of  any  such  error  or  omission  shall  not  be  deemed 
to  be  an  addition  to  or  a  variation  from  the  works  hereby 
contracted  for. 


CONTRACTS.  235 

(2)  The  Railway  Company  or  its Engineer  Ry.  to 

shall  appoint  a  representative  of  the  Railway  Company  on 

the  work,  and  such  representative,  or  any  substitute,  and  tive. 
any  assistant  duly  appointed  by  such  representative  or 
substitute  shall,  in  this  agreement  and  in  the  specifications, 
be  referred  to  as  "the  Engineer." 

(3)  The  said  work  shall  be  commenced  immediately  after  Commence- 
the  execution  of  this  agreement,  and  shall  be  proceeded  E 

with  continuously  and  diligently  and  under  the  personal 
supervision  of  the  Contractor  until  completed.  The  work 
shall  be  carried  on  and  prosecuted  in  all  its  several  parts  in 
such  manner  and  at  such  times  and  at  such  points  or  places 
as  the  Engineer  shall  from  time  to  time  direct  and  to  his 
satisfaction,  but  always  according  to  the  provisions  of  this 
agreement,  and  if  no  direction  is  given  then  in  a  careful, 
prompt  and  workmanlike  manner  according  to  this  agree- 
ment. 

(4)  This  agreement  shall  not  be  assigned,  nor  shall  the  Assignment 
said  work  or  any  part  thereof  be  sub-contracted  without 

the  written  consent  of  the  Engineer  to  every  such  assign- 
ment or  sub-contract. 

(5)  The   Contractor  will   in  all  things   conform  to   and   Imperfect 
comply  with  the  instructions  of  the  Engineer.     All  work  or  wor  * 
material  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Engineer,  is  imperfect 

or  insufficient  shall  be  remedied  when  pointed  out  to  the 
Contractor  by  the  Engineer,  and  will  be  made  good  and 
sufficient  by  the  Contractor  at  his  own  expense  and  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  Engineer,  who  shall  have  the  power,  and 
whose  duty  it  shall  be,  to  have  any  defective  work  or  mate- 
rial taken  out  and  rebuilt  or  replaced  at  the  expense  of  the 
Contractor.  Any  omission  by  the  Engineer  to  disapprove 
of  or  reject  any  insufficient  or  imperfect  work  or  material  at 
the  time  of  any  estimate  shall  not  be  deemed  an  acceptance 
of  such  work  or  material. 

(6)  The  Contractor  will  not  bring  or  permit  to  be  brought  Intoxicating 
anywhere,  on  or  near  the  said  work,  any  spirituous  or  intoxi-  H<luors- 
eating  liquors  and  if  any  foreman,  laborer  or  other  employee 

or  contractor  shall,  in  the  opinion  of  the  engineer,  be  intem- 
perate, disorderly,  incompetent,  wilfully  negligent  or  dis- 
honest in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  he  shall  on  the 
direction  of  the  engineer,  be  forthwith  discharged,  and 
the  Contractor  shall  not  employ  or  permit  to  remain  upon  the 


236 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURE  AND  ESTIMATES. 


Extra  work. 


Stoppage  of 
work  and 
reduction  of 
force. 


Additional 
force. 


work,  any  person  who  shall  have  been  discharged  from  the 
said  work  for  any  or  all  of  the  said  causes. 

(7)  No  extra  work  or  material  is  to  be  allowed  or  paid  for, 
excepting  only  upon  a  previous   order   in   writing  of  the 
Engineer  and  any  and  all  claims  for  extra  work  or  material 
must  be  presented  to  the   Engineer  for  allowance  at  the 
close  of  the  month  in  which  the  same  shall  have  been  done 
or  furnished  and  shall  be  included  in  the  estimate  for  that 
month,  otherwise  all  claims  therefor  shall  be  deemed  abso- 
lutely waived  by  the  Contractor,  and  the  Railway  Company 
shall  not  be  required  to  allow  or  pay  for  the  same,  but  may 
exercise  its  option  concerning  such  payments. 

(8)  Whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  Engineer  it  is  neces- 
sary or  expedient  for  the  Railway  Company,  that  the  said 
work  or  any  portion  of  it  should  be  stopped,  or  that  the 
force  employed  thereon  should  be  diminished,  the  Railway 
Company  may  stop  such  work  or  diminish  such  force,  and 
upon  being  requested  in  writing  to  do  so  by  the  Railway 
Company,  the  Contractor  shall  stop  the  work  or  reduce  the 
force,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  accordance  with  such  written 
request,  and  the  Contractor  shall  have  no  claim  for  dam- 
ages by  reason  thereof.     Such  writing  shall  be  signed  by  the 
Engineer  and  delivered  to  the  Contractor  or  to  some  person 
on  the  work  representing  the  Contractor  at  least  thirty  days 
previous  to  such  required  stoppage  of  work  or  reduction  of 
force. 

(9)  If  at  any  time  before  the  completion  of  this  contract 
the  Contractor  shall  not  be  progressing  with  the  said  work 
with  sufficient  diligence  to  satisfy  the  Engineer,  or,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Engineer,  with  sufficient  force  to  insure  its 
progress  and  completion  within  the  time  or  times  required 
by  this  agreement,  the  Engineer  may  order  and  direct  the 
Contractor  to  put  on  and  employ  such  additional  force  and 
means  as,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Engineer,  shall  be  sufficient 
to  complete  the  said  work  and  each  portion  thereof  within 
the  specified  time,  and  upon  the  refusal,  failure  or  omission 
of  the  Contractor  to  comply  with  such  order  and  directions 
within  one  week  from  the  giving  of  the  same,  the  Engineer 
may  declare  this  contract  abandoned  by  the  Contractor, 
and,   in  that   case,   the   moneys  which  may  then  remain 
unpaid,   and   which   would   otherwise   be    payable    to    the 
Contractor  under  this  agreement,  including  the  percentage 


CONTRACTS.  237 

retained  on  all  estimates,  may  be  kept,  retained  and  appro- 
priated by  the  Railway  Company,  in  its  own  right  abso- 
lutely, and  the  Contractor  shall  have  no  claim  to  the  said 
moneys  or  to  any  part  thereof,  and  the  Railway  Company 
may  employ  such  force  and  means  as  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Engineer  or  ............  Engineer  shall  be  necessary  to  com- 

plete said  work  and  the  cost  and  expenses  connected  there- 
with, and  all  damage  suffered  by  the  Railway  Company  by 
reason  of  such  failure  on  the  part  of  the  contractor  shall  be 
charged  to  and  be  paid  by  the  Contractor. 

(10)  The  Contractor  shall   promptly  pay  for  all  labor,   Contractor 
services  or  material  used  in  or  about  the  construction  of  the 


work,  and  all  payments  for  such  purposes  shall  be  made  by  promptly. 

the  Contractor  at  least  as  often  as  payments  are  made  by 

the  Railway  Company  to  the  Contractor,  and,  in  the  event 

of  failure  by  the  Contractor  at  any  time  to  do  so,  the  Rail- 

way Company  may  retain  from  all  moneys  due  or  to  become 

due    to   the  Contractor    such    amount    of   moneys   as   the 

............  Engineer  or  the  Engineer  may  deem  sufficient 

to  pay  for  the  same  or  to  secure  the  Railway  Company  from 
loss  by  such  non-payment.  Before  final  settlement  is  made 
between  the  parties  hereto  for  work  done  and  materials 
furnished  under  this  contract,  the  Contractor  shall  and  will 
produce  and  furnish  evidence  satisfactory  to  the  Railway 
Company  that  the  said  work  and  any  other  property  of  the 
Railway  Company  upon  which  such  work  may  have  been 
constructed  and  all  structures  are  free  and  clear  from  all 
liens  for  labor,  workmanship,  materials  or  otherwise  and  Liens. 
that  no  claim  then  exists  in  respect  of  which  a  lien  upon  the 
said  work  or  property  of  the  Company  could  or  might 
attach.  And  the  Contractor  shall  protect  and  hold  harmless 
the  Railway  Company  and  all  its  property  from  any  and  all 
kinds  of  liens  accruing  for  labor  and  services  performed 
and  material  furnished  or  otherwise  and  any  of  the  same  in 
or  about  the  said  work. 

(11)  The  Contractor  shall  be  at  the  risk  of  and  shall   Damage  to 
bear  all  loss  or  damage  whatsoever  and  from  whatsoever  work* 
cause  arising  which  may  occur  on  the  work  until  the  same 
be  fully  and  finally  completed,  delivered  to  and  accepted  by 
the  Railway  Company,  and  if  any  loss  or  damage  occur 
before  such  final  completion,  delivery  to  and  acceptance  by 
the  Railway  Company,  the  Contractor  shall  immediately, 


238 


RAILROAD    STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


Damage 
generally. 


Extension  of 
time  in  case 
of  stoppage. 


Total 
suspension. 


Damage  by 
fire. 


at  his  own  expense,  repair,  restore  and  re-execute  the  work 
so  damaged  or  which  may  have  been  destroyed. 

(12)  The   Contractor  and   his   agents,   laborers   and   all 
others  in  his  employ  or  under  his  control  shall  use  due  care 
that  no  person  or  property  is  injured  or  any  rights  infringed 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  said  work,  and  if  any  damage  to 
any  person  or  property  occurs  in  or  about  the  said  work  or 
if  any  right  is  infringed  without  any  fault  or  negligence  on 
the  part  of  the  Railway  Company,  any  damages  or  compen- 
sation recoverable  from  the  Railway  Company  in  respect 
thereof  shall  be  paid  by  the  Contractor,  and  together  with 
any  costs  or  expenses  incurred  in  adjusting  the  same  may 
be  deducted  by  the  Railway  Company  from  any  moneys 
due  to  or  to  become  due  to  the  Contractor. 

(13)  If  there  be  any  stoppage  of  the  said  work  upon  the 
written  direction  of  the  Railway  Company,  or  if  its  progress 
be  materially  delayed  by  reason  of  any  act  or  neglect  of  any 
of  the  Engineers,  agents  or  employees  of  the  Railway  Com- 
pany the  time  herein  specified  for  completing  the  said  work 
shall  be  extended  for  a  period  equal  to  the  time  of  such 
stoppage  or  delay,  and  the  Contractor  shall  have  no  further 
or  other  claim  therefor,  or  from  anything  arising  therefrom 
or  caused  thereby.     The  right  of  the  Contractor  to  such 
extension  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  waived  unless  a 
claim   therefor,   stating  the   occasion   and   nature   thereof, 
shall  be  made  by  him  in  writing  delivered  to  the  Railway 
Company  at  the  time  of  such  stoppage  or  delay. 

(14)  In  case  of  a  total  suspension  of  all  work  under  this 
agreement  without  any  fault,  default,  collusion,  or  procure- 
ment of  the  Contractor  for  a  longer  period  than 

days,  unless  such  suspension  shall  have  been 

caused  by  the  winter  season  or  protracted  rigor  of  weather, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Engineer  to  make  a  final  estimate 
of  the  work  done  according  to  the  terms  of  this  agreement 
and  to  make  a  return  thereof  to  the  Railway  Company, 
when  the  amount  found  by  the  Engineer  to  be  then  due 
for  work  done,  together  with  all  percentage  retained  up  to 
that  time,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  shall  be  paid 
to  the  Contractor. 

(15)  Any  damage  by  fire  that  may  occur  to  buildings 
or  structures  during  construction,  must  be  made  good  by 
the  Contractor,  who  must  keep  such  structures  fully  insured 


covenant  to 


CONTRACTS.  239 

until  the  same  have  been  completed  and  accepted  by  the 
Railway  Company.  The  operation  or  occupation  by  the 
Railway  Company  of  a  portion  of  the  work  before  the  com- 
pletion of  the  whole,  is  not  to  be  considered  as  an  accept- 
ance of  the  same  by  the  Railway  Company.  The  premiums 
for  fire  insurance  provided  for  herein  shall  be  divided  equally  Insurance, 
between  the  parties  hereto  and  the  policies  are  to  be  in  the 
names  of  both  parties,  the  loss  being  made  payable  as  their 
interests  may  appear  and  the  policy  or  policies  shall  be 

deposited   with   the Engineer  of  the   Railway 

Company. 

(16)  In  consideration  of  the  faithful  performance  by  the  Ry.  Co.'s 
Contractor  of  all  and  singular  the  covenants  and  agreements 
herein  contained,  the  Railway  Company  hereby  covenants 
and  agrees  with  the  Contractor  that  it  will  well  and  truly 
pay  to  him  on  the  full  completion  by  him  of  all  the  work 
embraced  in  this  agreement,  in  the  manner  and  within  the 
time  herein  specified  and  limited  for  the  completion  thereof 

to  the  satisfaction  and  subject  to  acceptance  by  its 

Engineer,  and  subject  also  as  herein  provided  the  following 
sums  and  prices,  namely : 


(17)  In   addition   to   the    foregoing   contract   price    the  Price  for 
Railway  Company  shall  pay  to  the  Contractor  for  extra  extra  work, 
work  or  for  work  done  under  written  orders  of  the  Engineer, 

not  covered  by  this  agreement  but  done  in  the  proper  exe- 
cution of  this  contract  and  for  which  prices  are  not  named 
herein,  the  actual  cost  of  such  work,  with  an  additional  ten 
per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  labor  and  material  for  use  of 
tools,  contractor's  plant,  superintendence  and  profit.  But 
such  actual  cost  shall  not  exceed  the  reasonable  market 
value  of  such  labor  and  material  as  the  case  may  be. 

(18)  Approximate  estimates  of  the  work  done  under  this  Approximate 
contract  are  to  be  made  at  the  end  of  each  calendar  month  estimates- 
by  the  Engineer,  and  payments  thereon  shall  be  made  by 

the  Railway  Company  to  the  Contractor  on  or  about  the 
twentieth  day  of  the  next  ensuing  month,  less  all  previous 
payments  and  less  ten  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  each  and 
every  such  monthly  estimate,  which  last  mentioned  per- 


240  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

centage  may  be  retained  by  the  Railway  Company  as  an 
additional  security  for  the  performance  of  this  contract  by 
the  Contractor  until  the  same  has  been  completely  per- 
formed. 

Final  (19)  When,  in  the  opinion  of  the Engineer 

a  e'  of  the  Railway  Company  this  agreement  has  been  com- 
pletely performed  within  the  time  herein  provided,  subject 
to  the  foregoing  provision  as  to  extension,  he  shall  certify 
the  same  in  writing  under  his  hand  with  a  final  estimate  of 
the  work  done  by  the  Contractor  and  a  statement  of  the 
amount  due  and  unpaid,  and  the  Railway  Company  shall, 
within  sixty  days  after  such  completion,  pay  to  the  Con- 
tractor the  full  amount  which  shall  be  so  found  due  including 
the  percentage  retained  on  former  estimates  as  aforesaid, 
except  as  in  this  agreement  is  otherwise  provided  upon 
delivery  by  the  Contractor  to  the  Company,  if  required, 
of  a  good  and  valid  release  and  discharge  of  and  from  any 
and  all  claims  and  demands  for  and  in  respect  of  all  matters 
and  things  growing  out  of  or  connected  with  this  contract 
or  the  subject  matter  thereof  and  of  and  from  all  claims 
and  demands  whatsoever. 

Alteration  of  (20)  The  right  is  hereby  reserved  by  the  Railway  Com- 
pany at  any  time  to  change  and  alter  in  whole  or  in  part  as 
to  it  may  seem  expedient,  the  works  embraced  in  this  agree- 
ment, and  any  change  or  alteration  of  the  works  shall  not 
affect  the  prices  herein  specified,  nor  shall  any  bill  for  extras 
or  other  charge  or  claim  be  made,  allowed  or  paid  by  reason 
thereof  or  of  any  difference  occasioned  by  such  change  or 
alteration  in  the  quality,  locality  or  nature  of  the  work  to 

be  performed,  but  if  the Engineer  shall  deem  the 

change  or  alteration  of  the  works  to  have  materially  affected 
the  cost  of  doing  the  work  he  shall  fix  or  determine  the  price 
to  be  paid  either  above  or  below,  as  the  case  may  be,  the 
prices  hereinbefore  provided  to  be  paid  for  such  work  so  as 
to  do  substantial  justice  to  both  parties. 

Contractor's  (21)  It  is  hereby  declared  and  agreed  to  by  the  Con- 
information,  tractor  that  this  agreement  is  made  and  entered  into  by  him 
for  the  consideration  herein  expressed  solely  on  his  own 
knowledge  and  upon  information  derived  from  sources  other 
than  the  Railway  Company,  its  officers  or  agents,  of  and 
respecting  the  nature  and  formation  of  the  property  upon 
which  the  said  work  is  to  be  done,  or  the  character,  quan- 


CONTRACTS.  241 

titles  or  location  of  the  material  required  to  be  removed, 
and  that  the  Contractor  does  not  rely  upon  any  information 
given,  or  statement  made,  to  him  in  connection  with  the 
said  contract  by  the  Railway  Company  or  any  of  its  officers 
or  agents. 

(22)  If  the  Contractor  shall,  at  any  time,  fail,  omit  or  Cancellation 
refuse  to  comply  with  or  perform  any  of  the  provisions  of  of  contract- 
this  agreement,  which,  on  his  part,  are  to  be  observed  or 
performed,  the  Railway  Company  may  cancel  and  annul 

this  contract,  in  which  event  the  Contractor  shall  have  no 
claim  or  demand  whatever  upon  or  against  the  Railway 
Company  for  damages,  or  for  compensation  for  work  done, 
or  material  provided,  or  for  any  portion  of  the  said  percent- 
age retained  on  any  estimate,  and  the  Railway  Company 
may  take  possession  of  and  hold  the  said  work  and  all  mate- 
rials furnished  under  this  agreement,  and  may  retain  and 
appropriate  to  its  own  use  all  moneys  which  may  then  be 
unpaid  to  the  Contractor,  including  the  said  percentage, 
and  the  Railway  Company  shall  be  absolutely  and  forever 
released  from  all  liability  therefor  to  the  Contractor. 

(23)  In  order  to  prevent  disputes  or  misunderstandings  Settlement 
between  the  parties  hereto  in  relation  to  any  of  the  stipula-  ° 

tions  and  provisions  contained  in  this  agreement,  or  the 
true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  or  the  manner  of  per- 
formance thereof,  or  of  any  part  thereof  by  either  of  the 
said  parties,  and  for  the  speedy  settlement  of  such  as  may 

occur,  the Engineer  for  the  time  being  of  the 

Railway  Company  shall  be,  and  he  hereby  is,  made,  consti- 
tuted and  appointed  sole  umpire  to  decide  such  questions 
and  matters,  including  the  amount  and  quantity,  character 
and  kind  of  work  performed  and  materials  furnished  by  the 
Contractor,  and  all  extra  work  and  material.  The  decisions 

of  the Engineer,  which  may  be  given  from  time 

to  time  as  the  questions  come  up,  shall  be  binding  and 
conclusive  upon  both  parties  hereto. 

(24)  Wherever,  in  this  agreement,  it  is  stipulated  that 
anything  shall  be  done  or  performed  by  either  of  the  parties 
hereto  it   shall  be  assumed  that  such  party  has  thereby 
entered  into  a  covenant  with  the  other  party  to  do  or  per- 
form the  same,  and  that  such  covenant  is  entered  into,  not 
only  by,  for,  or  on  behalf  of  the  parties  hereto,  but  is  also 
entered  into  by  and  on  behalf  of  their  respective  executors, 


242 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND   ESTIMATES. 


administrators,  successors  and  assigns.  And  whenever  this 
agreement  is  entered  into  by  more  than  one  person  as  par- 
ties of  the  first  part  the  word  "contractor"  shall  be  read 
"contractors"  and  the  pronouns  referring  to  the  contractor 
shall  be  read  as  plural;  and  whenever  a  corporation  is  the 
party  of  the  first  part  the  said  pronouns  shall  be  varied 
accordingly. 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  hereto  have  herewith  caused 
these  present  to  be  signed  and  sealed  on  the  day  and  year  first 
above  written. 


Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  by  the 
Contractor  in  presence  of 


Signature  of  Witness. 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  by  the 
Railway  Company  in  presence  of 


Signature  of  Contractor. 


CONTRACTS.  243 

Preparation  of  Plans.  —  By  establishing  a  uniform  practice 
in  the  making  and  preparation  of  plans,  etc.,  the  subsequent  labor 
and  investigation,  including  the  filing  and  keeping  of  records,  are 
simplified  for  all  concerned. 

Plan  Sizes:  — 

Sketch  plans  to  attach  to  letters,  agreements,  etc.,  8"  X  10" 

and  8"  X  13". 

Sketch  plans  for  record  books,  9"  X  12"  with  1"  border. 
Structural  plans,  18"  X  24"  with  1"  border. 
Yard  plans,  21"  wide,  length  variable. 
Track  profiles,  11"  wide,  length  variable. 
Right  of  way  and  land  plans,  21"  to  30"  wide,  length  variable. 
Right  of  way  profiles,  11"  wide,  length  variable, 

Drawing  Material.  —  Use  tracing  cloth  (working  on  dull  side 
for  all  original  drawings).  Transparent  profile  paper  for  refer- 
ence profiles.  Blueprints  for  working  plans.  Vandyke  prints  for 
duplicating  originals. 

Working  Lines.  —  Black  full  lines  for  all  original  structural 
work.  For  alterations  and  additions  black  full  lines  for  present 
work,  dotted  black  lines  for  work  to  be  abandoned,  full  red  lines 
for  proposed  new  work,  dotted  red  lines  for  future  extension. 
All  plans  to  be  made  to  speak  for  themselves. 

Titles.  —  Titles  and  all  lettering  should  be  very  plain  and  eligi- 
ble, without  frills  of  any  kind.  Avoid  notes  as  much  as  possible. 
All  plans  should  be  signed  and  dated. 

Blueprints.  —  In  making  blueprints,  do  not,  unless  absolutely 
necessary,  go  over  figures  or  lettering  with  red  color,  as  this 
makes  the  figures  almost  illegible.  It  is  sufficient  to  draw  the 
various  lines  in,  or  to  go  over  the  edging  in  red. 

Coloring  Plans.  —  Satisfactory  prints  cannot  be  taken  from 
plans  which  have  had  flat  washes  laid  upon  them.  When  it  is 
necessary  to  use  color,  an  edging  only  should  be  put  on,  and  this 
edging  should  be  kept  just  a  shade  from  the  boundary  line.  The 
boundaries  will  then  show  up  clear  when  prints  are  made. 

Gamboge  should  never  be  used  on  tracings,  as  it  runs  after 
being  put  on. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  put  an  edging  of  color  on  the  blue  part  of 
a  blueprint,  the  color  will  show  up  well  if  mixed  with  Chinese 
white. 


244  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 

Blue  should  not  be  used  as  an  edging,  except  on  rivers  and 
lakes,  in  which  case,  the  blue  print  plainly  shows  the  edge  of  the 
water. 

Colors  for  Progress  Profiles.  — 

January Sepia.  July Indian  ink. 

February Indian  red.  August Chrome  yellow. 

March Neutral  tint.  September.  .Cobalt  blue. 

April Burnt  sienna.  October ....  Vermilion. 

May Emerald  green.  November .  .  Violet  carmine. 

June Carmine.  December.  .Hooker's  green,  No  1. 

Scales.  —  Location  plans,  alterations  to  location,  also  plans 
of  completed  railway  way:  —  Scale  400'  to  the  inch.  (In  prairie 
country,  scale  may  be  1,000'  to  the  inch.)  Profiles,  horizontal, 
400'  to  the  inch;  Vertical,  20'  to  the  inch. 

Station  Yard  Plans:  Scale  100'  to  the  inch.  Show  all  tracks 
in  single  lines. 

Railway  Crossings  or  Junctions:  Scale  100'  to  the  inch. 

Highway  Crossings:  Standard  and  general  structural  plans, 
scale  \"  and  J"  to  the  foot  generally. 

Details,  Scale,  variable. 

Sketches,  Scale,  variable. 

Railway  Grade  Crossings  and  Junctions  for  purposes  of  signal 
record  on  Diagram  outlines,  map  be  distorted  so  as  to  get  in  the 
information  and  to  show  the  nature  of  the  crossing  more  clearly. 


ESTIMATES. 


245 


Estimates. 

Estimates  should  be  prepared  by  the  Engineer  to  cover  the  cost 
of  the  entire  work  complete,  ready  for  operating. 

The  following  summary  and  detailed  lists  will  call  to  mind 
items  that  might  otherwise  be  forgotten. 


SUMMARY  ESTIMATES. 

RAILWAY  COMPANY 

ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT. 


FORM  No.  F.  4g. 


Estimate    of    cost    of   line to 

Length:   Main  Track miles;   Siding,  etc miles; 

Total miles.     Based   upon made 

......  190 by Engineer  under 

direction  of  . 


Items. 

Per  Mile. 

Total. 

1     Bridges  

2    Buildings 

3     Culverts 

4    Crossings   Cattle  Guards  and  Signs 

* 

5     Expenses   General 

6     Fencing      

7     Grading  

8.    Interlocking  

9     Masonry 

10    Miscellaneous  . 

11     Real  Estate     .  . 

12.   Shops                     .    . 

13.   Signals  

14.   Structures,  General  

15.   Timber  Structures  

16    Track  Material 

17    Turnouts 

18.   Tools 

19.   Tunnels.  .  . 

20.   Trestles.  .  . 

• 

21.   Train  Service 

• 

22.   Telephone.    . 

23.   Telegraph 

24.    Yards 

Expenses  prior  to  this  estimate  

Total  Estimated  Cost  



Remarks :  — 


246 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


DETAIL  ESTIMATES. 
RAILWAY  COMPANY. 

ENGINEERING   DEPARTMENT. 

Items  to  be  Covered  when  Estimating  the  Cost  of  Railroads. 


FORM  E.  4h 


Item. 

© 

Quan 

tity. 

Cost 

Item. 

© 

Quan 
tity. 

Cost. 

BRIDGES. 

CULVERTS. 
Tile  Pipe  . 

Deck  Plate  Girder  Spans  . 

Concrete  Pipe  

Through     Plate     Girder 

Cast-iron  Pipe  
Concrete  Arch  

Deck  Riveted  Trusses  .  .  . 

Concrete  Rail  
Steel  Rails  in  Concrete.  . 

Through  Riveted  Trusses  . 

Stone  Arch  

Draw  Deck  Plate  Spans  .  . 

Stone  Box  

Draw      through      Plate 

Wood  Box 

Spans  

Iron  in  Box  

Draw  Deck  Riveted  Spans  . 

Paving  

Draw    through    Riveted 
Spans  

Riprap  
Piling  

Floor  System  
Iron  in  Floor  

Sheet  Piling  
Iron  in  Piling  

Watchman's    Shanty    on 

Excavation  
Filling  

Semaphores  for  Draw  

False  work  
Painting 

CROSSINGS,  CATTLE 
GUARDS  AND  SIGNS. 

Howe  Truss  Deck  Spans.  .  . 
Howe  Truss  through  Spans 
Steel  and  Cast  Iron  

Cattle  Guards  
Road  Crossings  
Farm  Grade  Crossings  

Farm     Overhead     Cross- 
ings 

BUILDINGS 

Farm  Under  Crossings  .  .  . 
Public  Road  Gates 

Boiler  House 

Electric  Bell  Protection.  . 
Watchman's  Tower  and 

Plant 

Bunk  House 

Farm  Gates  

Sign  Posts  etc 

Engine  House   .    .     .    . 

Engine  House  Equipment. 
Oil  House  

EXPENSES  (GENERAL) 

Freight  House  

Ice  House  
Pump  House          

Expense  of  Corporations. 

Pump  House  Equipment.  . 

Expense  of  Railway  Com- 
mission   

Shelters  

Taxes,  etc  

Stations  
Station  Wells  
Furniture  and  Fixtures  .  .  . 
Semaphores  and  Lights  .  .  . 
Sheds  

Clerical  Expenses  
Engineering  Expenses  
Supervision  and  Contin- 
tingencies  

Platforms  

Supplies  
Outfits  

Scrap  Iron  Shed  
Thawing-out  House  
Telegraph  Office  
Watchman's  Shanties  
Tool  Houses 

Other  Expenditures  

FENCING. 
Wire    Fence,    Right    of 

Section  Houses  ... 

Way  

Wood  Fence,  Snow,  etc... 

Wood  Fence  Yard 

Fixtures  and  Equipment.  . 

Wood  Fence,  Station  

ESTIMATES. 


247 


DETAIL  ESTIMATES  —  Continued. 


Item. 

@ 

Quan 
tity. 

Cost 

Item. 

@ 

Quan 
tity. 

Cost. 

GRADING. 
Clearing   

SIGNALS. 
Semaphores  .... 

Mechanism 

Cutting  Dangerous  Trees. 

Lights  

Cross  Waying 

Solid  Rock  

Loose  Rock  
Excavation,  Common  .... 
Excavation  Borrow  Pits 

STRUCTURES. 
Turntable  and  Pit 

Excavation,  extra  haul.  .  . 

Drainage  for  Pit  

Riprap  
Slope  Walls 

Ash  Pit  
Drainage  for  Ash  Pit 

Retaining  Walls  

Coaling  Plant  

Cribs 

Water  Tank 

Wing  Dams  

Water  Supply  

Tile  Drains  

Standpipes  

INTERLOCKING. 

Water  Connections  
Gravity  Water  Supply.  .  .  . 
Wind  Mills  .    .... 
Dams  ...    . 

Tower 

Artesian  Wells 

Mechanism  .'  

Track  Scales  
Weigh  Shelter 

MASONRY. 

Abutments  
Piers 

TIMBER  STRUCTURES. 

Retaining  Walls  

Timber  Abutments  

Excavation  

Fillinw 

Timber  Caissons  

Piles  

Timber  Cribs  
Timber  Coffer  Dams 

Sheet  Piling  
Riprap 

Timber  Grillage  

Wrought  Iron  
Cast  Iron 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Grain  Elevators  
Storage  Warehouse  
Storage,  Freight  
Storage,  Cold  

TRACK  MATERIAL, 
ETC. 

Rails  

Dock  and  Wharves 

Splices 

Miscellaneous  Structures. 
Coal  Storage  Plant 

Bolts  and  Nuts  
Spikes  .  .   . 

Tie  Plates 

REAL  ESTATE 

Rail  Braces  
Anti  Creepers 

Right  of  Way 

Ties  
Ballast  

Station  Grounds 

Track  Laying 

Terminal  Grounds  
Damages  to  Property  .... 
Mining  Claims  

Surfacing  

SHOPS. 
Blacksmith  Shop 

TURNOUTS. 

Stub  Switch  Turnouts  
Split  Switch  Turnouts  
Slip  Switch  Turnouts 

.... 

Car  Repair  Shop  
Transfer  Table  and  Pit.  .  . 
Service  Truck  Pits 

Cross  Overs  
Diamond  Crossings  
Switch  Ties 

Service  Truck  Turntables 
Miscellaneous  Buildings.  . 
Machinery  and  Tools  
Equipment  and  Fixtures. 
Power  House.  .  . 

TOOLS. 
Track  Tools  .  .  . 

248 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES  AND  ESTIMATES. 


DETAIL  ESTIMATES  —  Continued. 


Item. 

@ 

Quan- 
tity. 

Cost. 

Item. 

© 

Quan- 
tity. 

Cost. 

TUNNELS. 
Excavation,  Rock  Section 

TRAIN  SERVICE. 
Raising  Sags,  etc  

-' 

Excavation,  Timber  Sec- 
tion   
Excavation,  Extra     Sec- 

Filling Trestles,  etc  
Widening     and      Filling 
Banks  

tion  .                             .   . 

General  Service  

Timber  Lining  and   Por- 

Transportation   

tals 

Freight  

Masonry  Lining  and  Por- 
tals 

Ventilation  
Drainage 

TELEPHONE. 

Telephone  Service  
Equipment 

TRESTLES. 

Pile  Trestle  
Frame  Trestle 

TELEGRAPH. 
Poles  and  Wires       

Steel  Trestle 

Excavation 

Masonry  Foundations 

Cedar  Sill  Foundations  .  . 
Pile  Foundation 

YARDS. 

Wrought  Iron  
Cast  Iron 

Trackage     

Floor  System 

Water  Service 

Fire  Protection  

Steam,  Air  and  Gas  
Utility  Buildings 



ESTIMATES.  249 


CHAPTER  IX. 

ESTIMATING  NOTES. 

Foundations. 

Excavation.  —  Excavation  consists  in  digging  out  the  ground 
to  such  depths  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  foundations  and  depos- 
iting the  same  where  directed  and  removing  the  surplus  material 
off  the  premises.  Excavation  is  paid  for  by  the  cubic  yard,  meas- 
urement made  in  excavation  only. 

Approximate  average  cost.  —  50  cents  per  cubic  yard  for  ordinary 
ground  to  5  feet  in  depth. 

Back  Fill.  —  Back  filling  consists  in  replacing  and  compacting 
the  ground  around  trenches  after  the  walls  are  in  place,  and  is 
usually  paid  for  by  the  cubic  yard.  The  same  quantities  allowed 
for  excavation  are  usually  estimated  for  back  fill. 

Approximate  average  cost.  —  For  ordinary  back  fill  10  cents  per 
cubic  yard. 

Labor.  —  A  good  laborer  will  dig  and  throw  into  barrow  in  a  day 
of  10  hours:  — 

Ordinary  ground from  8  to  10  cubic  yards. 

Stiff  clay  or  firm  gravel from  5  to    6  cubic  yards. 

Hard  ground  (pick  work) from  3  to    5- cubic  yards. 

Weights,  etc.,  of  Material.  — 

27  cubic  feet one  load. 

20  cubic  feet  sand 2000  pounds. 

22  cubic  feet  coarse  gravel 2000  pounds. 

25  cubic  feet  stiff  clay 2000  pounds. 

28  cubic  feet  chalk 2000  pounds. 

30  cubic  feet  earth 2000  pounds. 

Safe  Bearing  Power  of  Various  Soils.  — 

Tons  persq.  ft. 

Soft  clay 1 

Dry  clay  in  thick  beds 4 

Ordinary  clay  and  sand  together  in  layers,  wet 2 

Loam,  clay,  or  fine  sand,  firm  and  dry 3 

Very  fine,  coarse  sand,  stiff  gravel,  or  hard  clay 4 

Solid  rock  will  sustain  load  which  can  be  put  upon  it. 


250  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


Masonry. 

Masonry  is  estimated  and  paid  for  generally  by  the  cubic 
yard,  measured  in  place.  The  price  is  held  to  cover  all  material 
and  labor. 

Approximate  average  cost. 

Dry  rubble  masonry $    3.75  per  cubic  yard. 

Rubble  masonry 7.00  per  cubic  yard. 

Rock-faced  masonry 12.00  per  cubic  yard. 

Dry  Rubble  Masonry.  —  Dry  rubble  walls  consist  of  good 
quarry  stone  laid  dry  upon  the  natural  beds  and  roughly  squared 
on  joints,  beds,  and  faces. 

Rubble  Masonry.  —  Rubble  walls  are  built  of  stone  roughly 
squared  and  laid  in  irregular  courses,  having  all  voids  in  the  heart 
of  the  wall  thoroughly  filled  with  suitable  stone  and  spalls  fully 
bedded  in  cement  mortar.  Face  joints  not  more  than  1  inch  thick. 

Rock=faced  Ashlar.  —  Rock-faced  ashlar  is  generally  desig- 
nated first-class  masonry,  and  consists  of  large  and  well-pro- 
portioned stone  built  in  regular  courses,  with  backing  of  well- 
shaped  and  large-sized  stone  roughly  bedded  and  jointed,  with 
all  voids  thoroughly  filled  with  spalls,  fully  bedded  in  cement 
mortar,  with  coping  stones,  chamfers,  and  arrises  neatly  chisel 
dressed. 

Approximate  cost  of  rubble  masonry  per  cubic  yard,  using 
1  to  3  Portland  cement  mortar. 

1  cubic  yard  stone  delivered $1 . 25 

i  barrel  cement  at  $2.60 1 . 30 

:  load  sand  at  $1 .35 

i  day's  mason  labor  at  $3.30 1 . 10 

r  day's  helper  at  $1.50 50 

$4.50 
Cut  stone  pier  caps  per  cubic  foot  $1.75  to  $2.25. 

Coffer=Dams.  —  Coffer-dams  of  timber  are  constructed  so  as 
to  permit  of  the  water  being  pumped  out  and  the  foundations 
laid  dry,  and  is  usually  measured  and  paid  for  by  the  thousand 
feet  board  measure,  the  price  to  include  all  labor  and  material. 

Approximate  cost  per  thousand  feet  board  measure,  $40. 

Cement.  —  A  barrel  of  American  hydraulic  cement  weighs  on 
an  average  300  pounds  net  and  contains  3.6  cubic  feet. 


ESTIMATING  NOTES.  251 

A  barrel  of  Portland  cement  weighs  on  an  average  380  pounds 
net  and  contains  3.8  cubic  feet,  or  110  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 

A  bag  contains  95  pounds,  or  four  bags  to  the  barrel. 

Concrete.  —  Concrete  is  usually  paid  for  by  the  cubic  yard 
measured  in  place. 

For  one,  three,  and  six  concrete,  one  cubic  yard  requires  one 
barrel  cement,  1  cubic  yard  stone  two  and  one-half  inches,  one- 
half  cubic  yard  sand. 

Approximate  cost  of  a  cubic  yard. 

1  barrel  cement $2 . 60 

J  load  sand  at  $1  per  load 34 

1  cubic  yard  broken  stone  at  $1.25 1 . 25 

1  laborer  1  day 1-50 

1  helper  £  day  at  $1 50 

Total..  $6.19 


Piling. 

Piles  may  be  of  oak,  rock  elm,  Douglas  fir,  tamarack,  cedar,  or 
other  approved  timber,  reasonably  straight  grained,  sound,  and 
free  from  defects. 

Standard  dimensions  fo«r  piling  are  as  follows: 

Minimum  length  in  feet  15,  20,  25,  30,  35,  40,  45,  50,  over  50 

Diameter  in  inches  at  small  end     10,  9,    9,    9,    9,    9,    8,    8,  over  1\ 

Butt  diameter  to  be  not  less  than  10  inches  or  more  than 
20  inches  at  five  feet  from  butt.  All  diameters  measured  inside 
the  bark. 

Piles  are  generally  sharpened  and  driven  with  the  small  end 
down,  and  capped  when  necessary  with  a  suitable  iron  ring  to 
prevent  spreading  or  brooming  while  driving,  and,  if  required, 
are  shod  with  an  iron  shoe. 

Piles  for  bridges  are  driven  until  the  fall  of  a  hammer  weigh- 
ing 2000  pounds,  with  a  clear  fall  of  25  feet  or  an  equivalent  blow, 
causes  a  penetration  not  to  exceed  10  inches  under  the  last  ten 
blows,  or  to  such  further  limit  as  may  be  directed. 

2WH 

luig.  tormula.    r  =  -~ • 

o  +  1 

P  =  Safe  load  on  pile  in  tons.       H=  Distance  of  free  fall  of  hammer  in  feet. 
W= Weight  of  hammer  in  tons.     $=  Penetration  of  pile  for  last  blow  in  inches. 


252  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

Piling  broken  in  the  driving  is  pulled  out  and  another  sound 
pile  is  driven  in  its  place. 

Piles  are  driven  vertically,  unless  otherwise  shown  on  the 
plan.  Batter  piles  are  preferably  driven  at  the  batter  shown  on 
the  plans  or  at  a  part  of  that  batter,  and  then  sprung  over  to 
proper  position;  no  sawing  of  piles  to  make  them  spring  should 
be  allowed. 

When  necessary  to  drive  a  great  depth  and  piles  of  adequate 
length  cannot  be  obtained,  one  is  spliced  on  top  of  another. 
The  first  pile  having  been  driven  as  far  as  practicable,  it  is  cut 
off  square  to  receive  the  following  pile,  which  also  must  be 
squared  and  set  on  top  of  the  one  already  driven.  The  piles  are 
then  squared  on  four  sides  and  fastened  together  by  spiking  on 
pieces  of  scantling. 

Piling  is  usually  paid  for  under  the  heads  of  "  Piling  delivered  " 
and  "  Piling  driven." 

"  Piling  delivered  "  includes  piling  furnished  by  the  contractor 
as  ordered  by  the  engineer,  and  is  paid  for  by  the  lineal  foot. 
Approximate  average  cost,  15  cents  per  foot. 

"  Piling  driven  "  is  paid  for  at  a  specified  rate  per  lineal  foot 
in  the  finished  structure,  and  includes  all  work  of  any  kind  in 
connection  therewith.  Approximate  average  cost,  10  to  15  cents 
per  foot. 

The  average  cost  of  piling  in  place,  including  all  labor  and 
material,  is  25  cents  per  foot. 

Rings  are  not  usually  paid  for,  but  shoes  are  paid  for  at  a 
specified  rate  per  shoe. 


Sheet  Piling. 

Sheet  piles  are  cut  at  the  end,  so  as  to  form  a  point  at  one  side 
and  not  in  the  middle,  and  when  driven,  this  point  is  kept  next 
to  the  pile  previously  driven  to  insure  contact. 

Where  there  are  two  or  more  rows  of  sheet  piles  they  are 
driven  with  broken  joints. 

Sheet  piling  is  paid  for  at  a  specified  price  per  thousand  feet 
board  measure  left  in  the  work.  Approximate  cost,  $35  per 
thousand  feet  board  measure. 


ESTIMATING   NOTES.  253 

Riprapping. 

When  required  or  ordered  as  protection  against  the  action  of 
water,  riprapping  is  laid  or  placed  on  embankments,  or  about 
foundations,  or  at  the  ends  of  culverts  or  masonry  piers  or  other 
places. 

The  largest  procurable  stones  are  used,  and  the  heaviest  placed 
at  the  bottom  where  the  current  is  greatest.  They  are  laid  as 
closely  together  as  possible  to  avoid  large  openings. 

When  required,  a  trench  is  excavated  at  the  base  of  the  slope 
to  such  depth  as  will  insure  a  solid  foundation. 

Riprapping  is  paid  for  at  a  specified  rate  per  cubic  yard  in  place. 

Approximate  cost,  $1.25  per  cubic  yard  (rough).  Approxi- 
mate cost,  $3  per  cubic  yard  (hand  laid). 

Paving. 

The  ends  of  masonry  or  concrete  culverts,  vitrified,  concrete 
or  iron  pipe,  the  bottom  of  wooden  culverts,  and  other  places 
are  protected  by  paving  when  desired. 

The  paving  is  made  of  flat  stones  set  upon  their  edges,  the 
longest  dimensions  at  right  angles  to  the  waterway,  in  such 
manner  as  to  leave  the  least  possible  space  between  them,  and  of 
such  size  as  to  reach  through  the  entire  depth  of  the  paving. 

Great  care  must  be  taken  at  the  ends  of  any  piece  of  paving 
to  make  it  secure,  so  it  cannot  be  undermined  or  cut  by  water 
flowing  underneath  it.  The  lower  end  must  receive  special  care 
to  prevent  this  undermining. 

Paving  is  usually  paid  for  at  a  specified  rate  per  square  or 
cubic  yard. 

Approximate  cost,  $1.50  per  square  yard. 

Brickwork. 

Brickwork  is  usually  measured  and  paid  for  by  the  1000  (M) 
bricks  laid  in  the  wall,  and  sometimes  by  the  cubic  yard  (assume 
550  bricks  per  cubic  yard  for  estimating). 

Size  of  Brick.  —  Common  vary  from  7f"  X  3J"  X  2J"  to 
8J"  X  4J"  X  2J";  pressed  brick,  8J"X4"X2i"  (standard). 


254  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

ONE  DAY'S  WORK  OF  BRICKLAYER  AND  LABORER. 

Bricklayer.  —  High-class  work,  200  to  400  bricks;  house  fronts, 
800  to  1000  bricks;  ordinary  work,  1000  to  1200  bricks. 

Laborer.  —  A  good  man  will  mix  mortar  and  carry  it  and 
bricks  for  three  bricklayers  if  mortar  and  brick  are  not  more 
than  25  feet  from  the  building  and  he  does  not  have  to  carry 
water  or  climb  a  ladder.  After  ascertaining  the  cost  of  laying 
1000  bricks  for  the  first  story  add  5  per  cent  for  second  story, 
12^  per  cent  for  third  story,  and  a  corresponding  percentage  for 
the  work  laid  in  higher  stories. 

Mortar  required  to  lay  1000  bricks:  Joints  J  to  f  inch  thick, 
4  to  5  cubic  feet;  joints  |  inch  thick,  1J  to  2  cubic  feet. 

Approximate  cost  of  common  brickwork  per  thousand  brick, 
using  1  to  3  lime  mortar: 

1000  brick $8 . 00 

3  bushels  lump  lime  at  25  cts .75 

£  cubic  yard  sand  at  $1 .50 

1  day  bricklayer 3 . 50 

1  day  laborer 1 . 50 


$14.25 

Approximate  cost  of  common  brickwork  per  thousand,  using 
1  to  3  Portland  cement  mortar: 

1000  brick $8.00 

H  barrels  Portland  cement,  $2.60 3 . 90 

\  load  sand  at  $1 50 

1  day  bricklayer 3 . 50 

1  day  laborer 1 . 50 

$17.40 

Steel  and  Iron  Work. 

The  steel  and  iron  work  is  usually  fabricated  in  the  shops  and 
bought  and  paid  for  by  the  pound,  either  delivered  on  the  works 
or  erected  complete. 

The  weight  of  steel  frames  for  shops  and  similar  buildings  is 
from  five  to  ten  pounds  per  square  foot  of  exposed  wall  and  roof 
surface. 

When  provision  has  to  be  made  for  traveling  cranes  add  100 
pounds  per  lineal  foot  of  building  for  each  five  tons  in  crane 
capacity. 


ESTIMATING  NOTES.  255 

Approximate  unit  cost. 

Steel  trusses,  frames,  and  columns  in  place.  3J  to  4£  cts.  per  pound. 

Steel  beams  in  place 3  to  3£  cts.  per  pound. 

Plain  castings  in  place 2£  to  3  cts.  per  pound. 

Corrugated  iron  No.  22  (black)  in  place 7  to  9  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Corrugated  iron  No.  22  (galvanized)  in  place  9  to  12  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Galvanized  iron  flashing  in  place 15  to  25  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Stairs,  iron,  3  feet  wide,  in  place $7  to  $10  each. 

Steel  shutters,  rolling,  in  place 75  cts.  to  $1.50  per  square  foot. 

Corrugated  shutters,  rolling,  in  place 50  cts.  to  $1  per  square  foot. 

Netting,  wire,  galvanized,  in  place 40  to  60  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Railing,  pipe,  in  place 75  cts.  to  $1  per  lineal  foot. 

Steel  and  Concrete  Building. 

Steel  Skeleton  and  Concrete  Construction.  — Twenty  pounds 
steel  for  each  square  foot  of  floor.  One  and  one-half  pounds  steel 
for  each  square  foot  of  floor  for  reinforcing  concrete  slabs. 

Concrete  averages  7  inches  thick  per  square  foot  of  floor,  which 
will  include  fireproofing  of  columns,  beams,  and  floor  slabs. 

Forms.  —  Two  feet  board  measure  timber  per  square  foot  to 
do  the  form  work  for  fireproofing. 

Approximate  cost. 

Steel  erected  and  painted $75 . 00  to  $100 . 00  per  ton. 

Concrete  erected 45  cts.  per  cubic  foot. 

Lumber  erected $60.00  per  1000  ft.  B.  M. 

Total  cost:  —  $1.19  to  $1.25  per  square  foot  steel  skeleton  and  fireproofing. 

Reinforced  Concrete  Construction.  —  Seven  pounds  steel 
per  square  foot  of  floor.  Eight  cubic  feet  concrete  per  square  foot 
of  floor.  Lumber,  3^  feet  board  measure  per  square  foot  of  floor. 

Approximate  cost. 

Steel  erected  in  place $65 . 00  per  ton. 

Concrete  per  cubic  foot 60  cts. 

Lumber $70.00  per  1000  feet  B.M. 

Reinforced  concrete  skeleton  =  88  cts.  to  $1.25 

per  square  foot. 
Reinforced  concrete  partition  costs  about  30  cts. 

per  square  foot  more  than  a  hollow  plaster 

partition. 
Building  face  walls,  reinforced  concrete: 

Concrete  placed $  5 . 50  per  yard. 

Forms  and  carpentry  work 10.00 

Runways  and  scaffolding 5 . 50 

Reinforcement .65 

Total  cost $21 . 65  per  yard  in  place. 

Reinforced  concrete  retaining  walls $12 . 00  per  yard  in  place. 

Concrete  retaining  walls 7 . 50  per  yard  in  place. 

Concrete  trestle  piers 7 . 00  per  yard  in  place. 

Engine  and  hammer  foundations 6.00  to  $7.00  per  yard. 


256  RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

Paint. 

Some  railroads  have  their  own  standard  color  cards  stating  the 
shades  to  be  adopted  on  the  various  structures. 

Ready-mixed  paints  are  generally  used. 

The  cost  of  paint  varies  from  $1.25  to  $1.75  per  gallon.  One 
gallon  of  paint  will  cover  50  square  yards  first  coat.  One  gallon 
of  paint  will  cover  60  square  yards  second  coat  One  gallon  of 
paint  will  cover  75  square  yards  third  coat.  The  labor  is  about 
equivalent  to  the  cost  of  the  material. 


Timber. 

It  is  generally  designated  that  all  timber  shall  be  well  seasoned 
and  reasonably  free  from  knots,  shakes,  wanes,  etc.,  and  free  from 
sap  or  other  imperfections. 

Average  weight  per  cubic  foot,  40  pounds. 


ESTIMATING  NOTES. 


257 


•  o  10 


oooo    •  o    •     -oooo 
oooo    •  o    •     •  10  o  o  »o         •  o  o 


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258 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 


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511  : 


-- 


ESTIMATING  NOTES. 


259 


Wooden  Beams. 

TABLE   56.  —  VALUES  OF  7   (MOMENT  OF  INERTIA)  AND  S  (SECTION 

MODULUS). 


Size,  breadth 
by  depth, 
inches. 

Moment  of 
inertia, 
&&* 

Section  modu- 
lus, /H-^d. 

Size,  breadth 
by  depth, 
inches. 

Moment  of 
inertia, 

A  &'«*. 

Section  modu- 
lus, I-r\d. 

2X2 

6X6 

108.00 

36.00 

2X3 

4.50 

3.00 

6X7 

171^50 

49^00 

2X4 

10.66 

5.33 

6X8 

256.00 

64.00 

2X5 

20.83 

8.33 

6X9 

364.50 

81.00 

2X6 

36.00 

12.00 

6X10 

500.00 

100.00 

2X7 

57.16 

16.33 

6X11 

665.50 

121.00 

2X8 

85.33 

21.33 

6X12 

864.00 

144.00 

2X9 

121.50 

27.00 

6X13 

1098.50 

169.00 

2X10 

166.66 

33.33 

6X14 

1372.00 

196.00 

2X11 

221.83 

40.33 

6X15 

1687.50 

225.00 

2X12 

288.00 

48.00 

6X16 

2048.00 

256.00 

3X3 

3X4 

6.75 
16.00 

4.50 
8.00 

6X17 
6X18 

2456.50 
2916.00 

289.00 
324.00 

3X5 

31.25 

12.50 

3X6 

54.00 

18.00 

7X7 

200.08 

57.16 

3X7 

85.75 

24.50 

7X8 

288.66 

74.66 

3X8 

128.00 

32.00 

7X9 

425.25 

94.50 

3X9 

182.25 

40.50 

7X10 

583.33 

116.66 

3X10 

250.00 

50.00 

7X11 

776.41 

141.16 

3X11 

332.75 

60.50 

7X12 

1008.00 

168.00 

3X12 

432.00 

72.00 

7X13 

1281.58 

197.17 

3X13 

549.25 

84.50 

7X14 

1600.66 

228.66 

3X14 

686.00 

98.00 

7X15 

1968.75 

262.50 

7X16 

2389.33 

298.66 

4X4 

21.33 

10.66 

7X17 

2865.91 

337.17 

4X5 

41.66 

16.66 

7X18 

3402.00 

378.00 

4X6 

72.00 

24.00 

4X7 
4X8 
4X9 
4X10 
4X11 
4X12 
4X13 
4X14 
4X15 
4X16 

114.33 
170.66 
243.00 
333.33 
443.66 
576.00 
732.33 
914.66 
1125.00 
1365.33 

32.66 
42.66 
54.00 
66.66 
80.66 
96.00 
112.66 
130.66 
150.00 
170.66 

8X8 
8X9 
8X10 
8X11 
8X12 
8X13 
8X14 
8X15 
8X16 
8X17 

341.33 
486.00 
666.66 
887.33 
1152.00 
1464.66 
1829.33 
2250.00 
2730.67 
3275.33 

85.33 
108.00 
133.33 
161.33 
192.00 
225.33 
261.33 
300.00 
341.33 
385.33 

5X5 

52.08 

20.83 

8X18 

3888.00 

432.00 

5X6 

90.00 

30.00 

5X7 

142.91 

40.83 

9X9 

546.75 

121.50 

5X8 

213.33 

53.33 

9X10 

750.00 

150.00 

5X9 

303.75 

67.50 

9X11 

998.25 

181.50 

5X10 

416.66 

83.33 

9X12 

1296.00 

216.00 

5X11 

554.58 

100.83 

9X13 

1647.75 

253.50 

5X12 

720.00 

120.00 

9X14 

2058.00 

294.00 

5X13 

915.41 

140.83 

9X15 

2531.25 

337.50 

5X14 

1143.33 

163.33 

9X16 

3072.00 

384.00 

5X15 

1406.25 

187.50 

9X17 

3684.75 

433.50 

5X16 

1706.66 

213.33 

9X18 

4374.00 

486.00 

260 


RAILROAD   STRUCTURES   AND   ESTIMATES. 


TABLE    56.  —  Continued. 


Size,  breadth 
by  depth, 
inches. 

Moment  of 
inertia, 
AW- 

Section  modu- 
lus, I-r-^d. 

Size,  breadth 
by  depth, 
inches. 

Moment  of 
inertia. 

&W. 

Section  modu- 
lus, 7  -v-  i  d. 

10X10 

833.33 

166.66 

11X14 

2515.33 

359.33 

10X11 

1109.17 

201.67 

11X15 

3093.75 

412.50 

10X12 

1440.00 

240.00 

11X16 

3754.67 

469.33 

10X13 

1830.83 

281.67 

11X17 

4503.58 

529.83 

10X14 

2286.66 

326.67 

11X18 

5346.00 

594.00 

10X15 

2812.50 

375.00 

10X16 

3413.33 

426.27 

12X12 

1728 

288 

10X17 

4094.17 

481.67 

12X13 

2197 

388 

10X18 

4860.00 

540.00 

12X14 

2744 

392 

12X15 

3375 

450 

11X11 

1220.08 

221.83 

12X16 

4096 

512 

11X12 

1584.00 

264.00 

12X17 

4913 

578 

11X13 

2013.92 

309.84 

12X18 

5832 

648 

Carpentry. 

Carpentry  includes  all  of  the  rough  lumber  such  as  the  framing 
and  covering,  studding,  sheathing,  flooring,  siding,  posts  and 
beams,  plaster  grounds,  bridging,  etc. 

Joinery  includes  all  the  exterior  and  interior  finish  after  the 
carpentry  work  is  done,  such  as  window  frames,  doors,  sashes, 
bases,  architraves,  paneling,  wainscoting,  stairs,  etc.,  most  of 
which  is  obtained  from  the  mill,  and  is  often  termed  the  mill 
work. 

Board  Measure.  —  One  foot  board  measure  (B.  M.)  is  equal 
to  one  foot  square  and  one  inch  thick.  Lumber  is  usually 
measured  and  sold  by  the  thousand  (M)  feet  board  measure 
(B.  M.). 

Example.  —  The  number  of  feet  board  measure  in  a  plank 
3"X12"X24'  long  =  24  square  feet  X  3"  =  72  feet  B.  M. 

Approximate  cost  of  1000  feet  B.  M.  lumber: 

1000  feet  lumber $18.00 

Nails  and  spikes,  33  pounds  at  3  cts 1 . 00 

Labor  (50%  cost  of  material) 9.00 

Cost  per  M  feet  B.  M $28.00 

Spruce  lumber  in  place  on  floor  or  roof,  per  M 30 . 00 

Pine  matched  in  place  on  floor  or  roof,  per  M 40 . 00 

Pine  joist  and  purlins  on  roof  or  floor,  per  M 35 . 00 

Joinery  is  usually  estimated  by  the  running  or  square  foot. 


ESTIMATING  NOTES.  261 

Approximate  cost  of  joinery: 

Door  frames  and  doors  in  place,  50  cents  per  square  foot. 
Window  frames  and  sash  in  place,  50  cents  per  square  foot. 
Sash  glazed  and  painted,  20  to  30  cents  per  square  foot. 
Louver  ventilators,  fixed,  50  to  75  cents  per  square  foot. 
Louver  ventilators,  moving,  75  cents  to  $1  per  square  foot. 
Stairs  in  place,  $3  per  step  3  feet  long. 
Picture  molding,  5  cents  per  lineal  foot. 
Winter  sash  and  frame,  30  cents  per  square  foot. 


Roofing,  etc. 

Roofing  is  usually  measured  and  paid  for  by  the  square  of 
100  square  feet  (10  feet  by  10  feet). 

Tar  and  Gravel.  —  Ordinary  3-ply  on  1-inch  boards  weighs 
about  10  pounds  per  square  foot.  Trinidad  pitch  averages 
3J  gallons  per  square.  Gravel  washed  averages  350  pounds  per 
square,  or  3  cubic  feet.  Roofing  cement  averages  100  pounds  per 
square. 

Slate.  —  Ordinary  slate  on  1-inch  boards  weighs  about  14 
pounds  per  square  foot.  Laid  7  inches  to  the  weather  10"X20" 
slates  =210  slates  per  square;  420  roofing  nails  If  inches  long,  or 
"1J  pounds  per  square.  Laid  8£  inches  to  the  weather  10"X20" 
slates  =180  slates  per  square;  360  roofing  nails  If  inches  long, 
or  1^  pounds  per  square. 

Gutter  and  conductor  in  place 25  to  50  cts.  per  lineal  foot. 

Skylights,  £  inch  thick  glass 25  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Skylights,  translucent  fabric 20  cts.  per  square  foot. 

Round  ventilators,  fixed $10.00  to  $15.00  each. 

Round  ventilators,  revolving 30.00  to  50.00  each. 

Slate  roof,  not  including  boards 7.00  to    12.00  per  square. 

Slag  and  gravel  roof,  not  including  boards  ..  4.00  to      5.00  per  square. 
Prepared    composition    roof,  not    including 

boards 2 . 00  to      3 . 00  per  square. 

Wood  shingle  roof,  not  including  boards  ....  3.00  to      5.00  per  square. 

Tin-plate  roof,  not  including  boards 7.00  to    12.00  per  square. 

Corrugated  iron  roof,  not  including  boards  ..  7. 00  to    10.00  per  square. 

Shingles.  —  Shingles  are  usually  measured  and  paid  for  by 
the  square  of  100  square  feet  (10'XlO')  and  are  commonly  laid 
4,  4J,  and  5  inches  to  the  weather. 

Size  generally  4  inches  wide  by  18  inches  to  20  inches  long. 


262  RAILROAD  STRUCTURES   AND  ESTIMATES. 

Approximate  number  required  per  square  (100  square  feet) : 

Four  inches  to  the  weather,  900;  4J  inches  to  the  weather,  800; 
5  inches  to  the  weather,  725. 

The  bottom  row  is  always  doubled,  and  to  the  above  should  be 
added  5  per  cent  to  10  per  cent  to  allow  for  this,  and  to  include 
waste  and  cutting  at  dormers,  ridges,  etc. 

All  shingles  which  are  seasoned  should  be  laid  one-fourth  to 
three-eighths  inch  apart  so  as  to  allow  room  for  swelling  during 
wet  weather. 

Green  shingles  should  be  laid  almost  close  together. 

Shingle  nails  1 J  inches  long,  use  one-half  pound  per  100  shingles. 

Plaster. 

Plastering  is  usually  measured  and  paid  for  by  the  square 
yard;  cornices  and  moldings  by  the  running  foot  and  an  extra 
price  for  each  miter. 

Two-coat  work  requires  for  100  yards  plastering  1400  laths, 
4J  bushels  of  lime,  four-fifths  of  a  cubic  yard  of  sand,  9  pounds 
of  hair,  and  5  pounds  of  nails. 

Three  men  and  one  helper  will  put  on  450  yards  in  a  day's 
work  of  two-coat  work,  and  will  put  on  a  hard  finish  for  300 
yards. 

A  load  of  mortar  measures  one  cubic  yard,  requires  one  cubic 
yard  of  sand  and  nine  bushels  of  lime,  and  will  fill  30  hods. 

A  bushel  of  hair  weighs,  when  dry,  about  15  pounds. 


INDEX. 


A  PAGE 

Abutments  — 

bridge 61 

crib 83 

Air  plant,  cold 142 

Angle  bars 6 

Arch  culverts 48 

Artificial  ice  making 138 

Ash  pits 157 


B 


Back  fill 

Balanced  bucket  coaling  plant. 

Ballasting 

Ballast  sections 

Bars,  angle 

Belt  conveyor 

Blacksmith  shop 

Boat  spikes 

Boilers 

Boiler  houses 

Bolts  and  nuts,  track 

Box  culverts 

Braces,  rail 

Brickwork 

Bridge  — 

abutments 

dead  load 

live  load .  . 


piers  

Bridges  — 

deck  plate 

deck  trusses 

draw 

half  deck  plate 

through  trusses .  .  . 

Bridge  warning 

Buildings  — 

blacksmith 

boiler  houses 

cabinet 

car  machine 


249 

149 

11 

14 

6 

149 

210 

9 

182 

127 

6 

52 

13 

253 

61 
55 
55 
63 

53 
54 
54 
53 
54 
38 

210 
127 
210 
211 


PAGE 

Buildings  —  continued 

car  truck 211 

dry  kilns 211 

engine  houses 108 

foundry 212 

freight 212 

frog 213 

ice  houses 135 

locomotive 213 

oil  houses 132 

passenger 214 

pattern 215 

planing  mill 215 

power  house 215 

pump  houses 196 

sand  houses 162 

section  houses 92 

storehouses 129 

stores 217 

tool  houses 87 

wheel  foundry 217 


Cabinet  shop 210 

Cable  railway 154 

Capacity  of  pumps 186 

Car  machine  shop 211 

Carpentry 260 

Car  truck  shop 211 

Cast-iron  pipe  culverts 47 

Cattle  guards 41 

Cedar  box  culverts 52 

Cement 250 

Cinder  ballasting 11 

Clearance  posts 37 

Clearing 16 

Coaling  stations 144 

Coal  storage 154 

Coffer-dams 250 

Cold  air  refrigeration 140 

Cold  storage 140 


263 


264 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Concrete 251 

Concrete  arch  culverts 47 

Concrete  pipe  culverts 46 

Contracts 228 

Conveyor,  belt 149 

Cost  of  — 

ash  pits 157 

ballasting 11 

boiler  houses 127 

boilers 178 

bolts  and  nuts 7 

brickwork 253 

carpentry 260 

cast-iron  pipe  culverts 47 

cattle  guards 41 

cedar  box  culverts 52 

clearing 16 

coaling  stations 144 

cold  air  plant 142 

cold  storage 142 

concrete 251 

concrete  arch  culverts 48 

concrete  pipe  culverts 46 

cranes 209 

crib  abutments 83 

cribs 82 

crossovers 23 

crosswaying 15 

dams 205 

deck  plate  bridges 56 

deck  trusses 58 

diamond  crossing 25 

drawbridges 60 

engine  houses 108 

equipment 208 

farm  crossings 40 

fencing 26 

foundations 249 

freight  sheds 104 

frogs 22 

gates 30 

grade  crossings 40 

grading 15 

grubbing 16 

half  deck  plate  bridges 75 

heating  engine  houses 120 

highway  alarm  bell 34 

Howe  truss  bridges 71 

ice  houses 135 

ice  making 138 

interlocking 25 


PAGE 
Cost  of  —  continued 

laying  and  surfacing 23 

loose  rock 15 

mail  cranes 39 

masonry .  250 

oil  houses 132 

overhaul 15 

overhead  bridges 73 

paint 256 

paving 106,  253 

piling 251 

pipes 184 

plaster 262 

platform  shelters 97 

platforms 103 

privies 94 

pump  houses 196 

pumps 178 

pumping  water 179 

rail  braces 13 

rail  concrete  culverts 50 

rail  joints 6 

rails 4 

retaining  walls 80 

riprapping 253 

roofing 261 

sand  houses 162 

section  houses 92 

shelter  stations 96 

shops 208 

sign  boards  and  posts 35 

snow  sheds 170 

solid  rock 15 

spikes 9 

standpipes 201 

stands,  lamps,  rods,  etc 22 

station  furniture 102 

stations 98 

steam,  air,  and  water  pipes  .  119 

steel  and  concrete 255 

steel  and  iron  work .  254 

steel  trestles 70 

stock  yards 167 

stone  box  culverts 51 

storehouses 129 

subways 75 

surfacing 11 

switches 22 

switch  ties 21 

tanks 199 

through  trusses 59 


INDEX. 


265 


PAGE 

Cost  of  —  continued 

tie  plates 12 

ties 10 

tile  drains 15 

tile  pipe  culverts 44 

timber  trestles 68 

tool  equipment 90 

tool  houses 87 

track  above  subgrade 13 

track  laying 12 

track  scales 165 

track  tanks 206 

trees  removed 16 

tunnels 84 

turnouts 21 

turntables 172 

watchman's  shelter 91 

water  stations 174 

wiring  engine  houses 116 

Crane,  locomotive 151 

Crib  abutments 83 

Cribs 81 

Crossing  gates 30 

Crossing  highway  alarm  bell ...  34 

Crossovers 21 

Crosswaying 15 

Culvert  number 37 

Culverts..  43 


Dams 

Dead  load  (bridges) 

Deck  plate  bridges 

Deck  trusses 

Deep  ash  pit 

Detail  estimates 

Diamond  crossing 

Drains,  tile 

Drawbridges 

Drop  pits 

Dry  kilns 

Dry  rubble 

Dump  and  hoist  ash  pits. 

E 


Electric  lights,  engine  houses. 

Electric  traveling  cranes 

Elevated  chutes 

Elevation  posts 


203 

55 

53 

54 

158 

246 

25 

15 

54 

114 

211 

250 

161 


116 

209 

152 

37 


PAGE 

Engine  — 

houses 108 

pits 114 

Equipment,  tool 290 

Estimates 45 

Estimates  of  — 

bridge  abutments 62 

bridge  piers 63 

cast-iron  pipes 47 

cedar  box  culverts 52 

cold  storage 142 

concrete  arch  culverts 48 

concrete  pipes '. 46 

crib  abutments 83 

cribs 82 

dams 205 

engine  houses 124 

fences,  right  of  way 27 

ice  houses 137 

ice  making 138 

oil  houses ^ 134 

overhead  bridges 75 

privies 94 

rail  concrete  culverts ........  50 

retaining  walls 77 

sand  houses 164 

section  houses 93 

standpipes 202 

steel  bridges 56 

steel  trestles 70 

stone  box  culverts 51 

storehouses 131 

subways 73 

tile  pipes 44 

timber  trestles 68 

tool  houses 89 

track  scales 166 

tunnels 84 

turntables 173 

watchman's  shelter 91 

water  tanks .  . 200 

wooden  bridges .  . 71 

Estimating  culvert  pipe 44 

Estimating  notes 249 

Excavation 249 


Farm  — 
crossings 


40 
33 


266 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Fastenings  — 

bolts  and  nuts 6 

splices 5 

spikes 8 

track 5 

Fence  — 

close  board 28 

field-erected  wire 27 

open  board 29 

picket 28 

portable 29 

snow 28 

wire 26 

woven-wire 27 

Flanger  post 35 

Forms 219 

Foundations 249 

Foundry  shop 212 

Frame  trestles 66 

Freight  — 

car  shop   212 

platforms 103 

sheds 104 

Friction  water 190 

Frogs 18 

Frog  shop 213 

Furniture,  station 102 


PAGE 

Highway  —  continued 

crossings 73 

Horsepower,  water 192 

Houses  — 

boiler 127 

cold  storage 142 

engine 108 

freight 104 

ice 135 

oil 132 

privies 94 

pump 196 

sand 162 

section 92 

station 98 

storehouses 129 

tank 197 

tool 87 

watchman's 91 

Howe  trusses ..  71 


Ice  houses 135 

Ice  making 138 

Ice  plant 142 

Interlocking  plant 25 


G 

Gates  — 

crossing 30 

steel 34 

wood 33 

Grade  crossings 39 

Grading 15 

Grain  loading  platforms 103 

Gravel  — 

ballasting 11 

loading ^  11 

Grubbing 16 

Guards  — 

bridge  and  trestle 76 

cattle    .  41 


Jacks,  smoke 115 

Jib  crane  and  buckets 144 

Joints  — 

lead  and  yarn 46 

mortar 45 

Jordan  guard 76 


Lamps,  switch '  22 

Lap  switch 17 

Laying  and  surfacing  track. ...  11 

Live  load  (bridges) 55 

Locomotive  — 

crane 151 

shop 213 

turntables. .  172 


Half  deck  plate  bridges 53 

Hand  shoveling,  coal 144 

Heating  engine  houses 120 

Highway  — 

alarm  bell  crossing 34 


M 

Mail  crane 39 

Maintenance  interlocking  plant       25 

Masonry,  cost  of 80,  250 

Masonry  retaining  walls 78 


INDEX. 


267 


PAGE 

Material  — 

ballasting 11 

board  fences 30 

surfacing 11 

tie  plates 12 

track,  bolts  and  nuts 7 

track,  rail 4 

track,  spikes 9 

track,  splices 6 

track,  ties 10 

Material  for  safety  gates 31 

McHenry  coaling  plants 145 

Mechanical  ash  plants 159 

Metal  cattle  guards 42 

Mile  — 

board 36 

post 36 


O 

Offices  (shop) 214 

Oil  houses 132 

Ordashpit 161 

Overhaul 15 

Overhead  — 

farm  crossings 40 

highway  crossings 73 


Paint 256 

Passenger  car  shop 214 

Pattern  — 

shop 215 

storage 215 

Paving  — 

culverts 253 

teamways 106 

Permanent  open  board  fence .  .  29 

Picket  fence 28 

Piers,  bridge 63 

Pile  trestles 66 

Piling 251 

Pipe  culverts  — 

cast-iron 47 

concrete 46 

tile 44 

Pipes  — 

cast-iron 184 

wrought-iron 185 

Pit  cattle  guards 41 


PAGE 
Pits  — 

ash 157 

drop 114 

engine 114 

truck  wheel 114 

Planing  mill 215 

Plants  — 

coaling 144 

coal  storage   154 

Plaster 262 

Plate  bridges 53 

Plates,  tie 17 

Platform  shelters 92 

Platforms,  freight 103 

Portable  fence 29 

Power  house 215 

Power  house  equipment 209 

Preparation  of  plans 243 

Pressure  (head) 188 

Privies 94 

Proposals 227 

Pumps 175 

Pump  houses 196 


Q 

Quantity  — 

ballasting  per  mile 11 

bolts  and  nuts  per  mile 7 

fencing  per  mile 26 

rail  per  mile 4 

spikes  per  mile 9 

ties  per  mile 10 

Quantities  — 

bridge  abutments 62 

bridge  piers 63 

dams 205 

Howe  trusses 71 

privies 94 

retaining  walls . .  . 77 

sand  houses 164 

section  houses 93 

standpipes 202 

steel  trestles 70 

timber  trestles 68 

tool  houses 89 

track  scales 166 

turntable  pits 173 

watchman's  shelter 91 

water  tanks ....  200 


268 


INDEX. 


PAGE 


R 


Rail  — 

braces 13 

concrete  culverts 50 

joints 6 

rack 38 

Rails 3 

Railway  — 

cable 154 

crossing  signs 35 

Refrigeration 140 

Reinforced  concrete 255 

Retaining  walls 78 

Right  of  way  fences 26 

Riprapping 253 

Rock-faced  ashlar 250 

Roofing 261 

Rubble  masonry 250 


Safe  bearing  of  soils .  . 
Safety  crossing  gates . 

Sand  houses 

Scales,  track 

Section  — 

houses 

post 

Sections,  ballast 

Shallow  ash  pit 


....  249 

....  30 

162 

....  165 

......  92 

....  36 

14 

157 

Sheds,  freight 104 

Sheet  piling 252 

Shelter  — 

station 96 

watchman's 91 

Shops  — 

blacksmith 210 

cabinet 210 

car  machine 211 

car  truck 211 

dry  kiln 211 

foundry 212 

freight  car 212 

frog 213 

locomotive 213 

passenger  car 214 

pattern 214 

power 214 

stores 217 

wheel  foundry 217 

Shop  traveling  cranes 209 

Sign  boards  and  posts 35 


PAGE 

Single  track  coaling  plant 145 

Slip  switch 18 

Slow  signal  post 38 

Smoke  jacks 115 

Snow  — 

fence 28 

sheds 170 

Specifications 219 

Spikes  — 

boat 9 

shimming 8 

track 8 

Splices,  track  rail 5 

Split  switch 17 

Standard  tool  houses 89 

Standpipes 201 

Stands,  switch 18 

Station  furniture 102 

Station  mile  board 36 

Stations 98 

coal 144 

water 174 

Steam,  air,  and  water  pipes.  . .  117 

Steam  cranes 209 

Steel  and  concrete 255 

Steel  and  iron  work 254 

Steel  — 

gate 34 

trestles 70 

Stock  yards 167 

Stone  box  culverts 51 

Stop  signal  post 38 

Storage,  cold 140 

Stores,  shop 217 

Storehouses 129 

Stub  switch 18 

Subways 73 

Surfacing '  11 

Swing  board  gate 33 

Swing  wire  gate 33 

Switch  ties 24 

Switches.  .  17 


Tanks  — 

track 206 

water 197 

Telephone  (shops) 208 

Through  trusses 54 

Tile  drains 15 

Tie  plates 12 


INDEX. 


269 


PAGE 

Ties  — 

switch 24 

track 10 

Tile  drains 15 

Tile  pipe  culverts 44 

Timber 256 

Timber  trestles 68 

Tool  — 

equipment 90 

houses 87 

Towers,  coal 154 

Track  — 

bolts 6 

rail 3 

splices 5 

Track  above  subgrade 13 

Track  laying 12 

Track  scales 165 

Traveling  bridge,  coal 155 

Traveling  cranes 209 

Trees,  removed 16 

Trespass  sign 37 

Trestles  — 

steel 70 

timber 66 

Trestle  number 37 

Truck  wheel  pits 114 

Truss  bridges 54 

Tunnels 84 

Turnouts 17 

Turntables 172 

Table  No.  — 

1.  Quantity  and  cost  of  rails 

per  mile 4 

2.  Quantity     and     cost     of 

joints  per  mile 6 

3.  Quantity  and  cost  of  bolts 

per  mile 7 

4.  Quantity  and  cost  of  spikes 

per  mile 9 

5.  Quantity  and  cost  of  ties 

per  mile 10 

6.  Quantity  and  cost  of  bal- 

lasting, etc 11 

7.  Quantity  and  cost  of  track 

above  subgrade 13 

8.  Average  cost  of  turnouts .  .  21 

9.  Detail  cost  of  turnouts 

21,  22,  23 

10.  Detail  cost  of  crossovers.  .  23 

lOa.  Switch  ties.  .  24 


PAGE 

Table  No.  —  continued 

11.  Fencing  per  mile 26,  27 

12.  Safety  gates 31 

13.  Length  culvert  pipes. ...  43 

14.  Capacity  of  pipes 44 

15.  Cost  tile  pipe 44 

16.  Mortar  for  pipe  joints.  ..  45 

17.  Cost  of  concrete  pipes ...  46 

18.  Lead  and  yarn  for  pipe 

joints 46 

18a.  Cost  cast  iron  pipe 47 

19.  Cost   concrete    arch   cul- 

verts      48,49 

20.  Cost    rail    concrete    cul- 

verts   50 

21.  Cost  stone  box  culverts.  .  51 

22.  Cost  cedar  box  culverts .  .  52 

23.  Weight    and    cost    deck 

plate  girders 56 

24.  Weight    and    cost    half 

deck  plate  girders ....       57 

25.  Weight    and    cost    deck 

trusses 58 

26.  Weight  and  cost  through 

trusses 59 

27.  Weight   and    cost  draw- 

bridges        60 

28.  Quantities  in  abutments, 

deck  bridges 62 

29.  Quantities  in  abutments, 

half  deck  bridges 62 

30.  Quantities  in  abutments, 

through  bridges 62 

31.  Quantities  in  piers 63 

32.  Quantities  in  piers 64 

33.  Quantities  and  cost  pile 

trestle 68 

34.  Quantities  and  cost  pile 

trestle 68 

35.  Quantities  and  cost  frame 

trestle 69 

36.  Quantities  and  cost  Howe 

trusses 71 

37.  Quantities    in    retaining 

walls 77 

38.  Cost  of  tunneling 86 

39.  Cost  of  pumps  and  boil- 

ers      178 

40.  Cost  of  gasoline  pumps. .     179 

41.  Cost  of  cast  iron  pipes ...     184 


270 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Table  No.  —  continued 

42.  Cost    of    wrought    iron 

pipes 185 

43.  Capacity  of  pumps 186 

44.  Feet  head  pressure 189 

45.  Friction  in  pipes 190 

45a.  Friction  in  elbows 191 

46.  Theoretical  horsepower. .  192 

47.  Steam  pressure. 193 

48.  Water    by    weight    and 

measure 194 

48a.  Gallons  per  foot  of  pipe .  195 

49.  Cost  of  water  tanks 199 

50.  Cost  of  shops 208 

51.  Power  house  equipment .  209 

52.  Electric  traveling  cranes  209 

53.  Steam  cranes . 209 

54.  Timber  unit  stresses ....  257 

55.  Timber  unit  stresses ....  258 

56.  Section    modulus    wood 

beams..  259 


PAGE 

Watchman's  shelter 91 

Water  — 

information 194 

service 183 

stations 174 

Weight  — 

deck  plate  bridges 56 

deck  trusses 58 

drawbridges 60 

half  deck  plate  bridges 57 

through  trusses 59 

Weights  of  material 249 

Wheel  foundry 217 

Whistle  post 36 

Wing  post  sign 35 

Wire  fence 26 

Wood  — 

cattle  guards 41 

gates 33 1 

snow  fence 28 

Wooden  beams 259 


W 

Walls,  retaining 78 

Warning,  bridge 38 


Yard  lift  steam  cranes 209 

Yard  limit  post 86 

Yards,  stock 167 


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Vol.  I Large  8vo,  5  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ostwald's  Conversations  on  Chemistry.     Part  One.    (Ramsey.) i2mo,  i  50 

"                  "              "           "            Part  Two.     (Turnbull.) i2mo,  200 

*  Palmer's  Practical  Test  Book  of  Chemistry i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.) .  .  .  .  i2mo,  i  25 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Tables  of  Minerals,  Including  the  Use  of  Minerals  and  Statistics  of 

Domestic  Production 8vo,  i  oo 

Pictet's  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,  i  so 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.. 8 vo ,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Rideal's  Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  oo 

Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Riggs's  Elementary  Manual  for  the  Chemical  Laboratory 8vo,  i  25 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.  (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions .8vo,  2  oo 

Whys  in  Pharmacy I2mo,  i  oo 

5 


Rucr's  Elements  of  Metallography.     (Mathewson).     (In  Preparation.) 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

Schimpf's  Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis lamo,  i  25 

*  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  25 

Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo,  2  50 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Waterrsupplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) i2mo,  i  50 

Venable's  Methods  and  Devices  for  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  oo 

Ward  and  Whipple's  Freshwater  Biology.     (In  Press.) 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining.     Vol.  I Small  8vo,  4  oo 

"  "  "         "  Vol.11 SmallSvo,  500 

Washington's  Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students i2mo,  i  50 

Text-book  of  Chemical  Arithmetic . .  . . i2mo,  i  25 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process i2mo  i  53 

Cyanide  Processes i2mo  i  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo  7  50 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS.     HYDRAULICS.     MATERIALS   OF    ENGINEER- 
ING.    RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments I2mo,  3  oo 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  19^X24!  inches.  25 

Breed  and  Hosmer's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surveying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal 8vo,  3  50 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

*  Corthell's  Allowable  Pressures  on  Deep  Foundations I2mo,  i  25 

Crandall's  Text-book  on  Geodesy  and  Least  Squares 8vo,  3  oo 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  i  .00 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage i2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  i  oo 

*Fiebeger's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  5  oo 

Flemer's  Phototopographic  Methods  and  Instruments 8vo,  5  oo 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements i2mo,  i  £p 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Hauch  and  Rice's  Tables  of  Quantities  for  Preliminary  Estimates I2mo,  i  25 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth i2mo,  i  25 

6 


*  Ives's  Adjustments  of  the  Engineer's  Transit  and  Level i6mo,  Bds.  25 

Ives  and  Hilts's  Problems  in  Surveying i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Kinnicutt,  Winslow  and  Pratt's  Purification  of  Sewage.     (In  Preparation). 
Laplace's    Philosophical   Essay    on    Probabilities.       (Truscott    and   Emory.) 

1 2 mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  mor.  2  oo 

Morrison's  Elements  of  Highway  Engineering.       (In  Press.) 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  30 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse ' 8vo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  half  leather,  7  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Riemer's  Shaft -sinking  under  Difficult  Conditions.     (Corning  and  Peele.) .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Soper's  Air  and  Ventilation  of  Subways.     (In  Press.) 

Tracy's  Plane  Surveying I6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Methods  and  Devices  for  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Contracts , 8vo,  3  oo 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture.  : 8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

*  Waterbury's  Vest-Pocket  Hand-book   of   Mathematics   for   Engineers. 

2|X  5s  inches,  mor.  i  oo 
Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  mor.  i  25 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Burr  and  Falk's  Design  and  Construction  of  Metallic  Bridges 8vo,  5  oo 

Influence  Lines  for  Bridge  and  Roof  Computations 8vo,  3  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Greene's  Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone. .8vo,  2  50 

Bridge  Trusses .' 8vo,  2  50 

Roof  Trusses.  „ 8vo,  i  25 

Grimm's  Secondary  Stresses  in  Bridge  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Heller's  Stresses  in  Structures  arid  the  Accompanyin    Deformations 8vo, 

Howe's  Design  of  Simple  Roof- trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Symmetrical  Masonry  Arches 8vo,  2  50 

Treatise  on  Arches 8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  4to,  10  oo 

7 


Merriman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges : 

Part  I.      Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Part  II.    Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  III.  Bridge  Design 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IV.   Higher  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge Oblong  4to,  10  oo 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers i6mo,  mor,  2  oo 

*          Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  50 

Waddell  and  Harrington's  Bridge  Engineering.     (In  Preparation.) 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans.     Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Barnes's  Ice  Formation 8vo,  3  oo 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from 

an  Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels. 

Oblong  4to,  paper,  i  50 

Hydraulic  Motors » 8vo,  2  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power 12 mo,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

FrizelTs  Water-power 8vo,  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Hering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Clean  Water  and  How  to  Get  It Large  I2mo,  i  5o 

Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water-works 8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Hoyt  and  Grover's  River  Discharge 8vo,  2  oo 

Hubbard  and  Kiersted's  Water-works  Management  and  Maintenance 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lyndon's  Development  and  Electrical  Distribution  of  Water  Power.  . .  .8vo,  3  oo 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Molitor's  Hydraulics  of  Rivers,  Weirs  and  Sluices.     ^In  Press.) 

Schuyler's   Reservoirs   for   Irrigation,   Water-power,   and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Rivers 4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams.     5th  Ed.,  enlarged 4to,  6  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to  1895 4to,  10  oo 

Whipple's  Value  of  Pure  Water Large  i2mo,  i  oo 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Hydraulic  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

8 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Birkmire's  Architectural  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Compound  Riveted  Girders  as  Applied  in  Buildings .8vo,  2  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

Bleininger's  Manufacture  of  Hydraulic  Cement.     (In  Preparation.) 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering. 

Vol.    I.  Kinematics,  Statics,  Kinetics Small  4to,  7  50 

Vol.  II.  The  Stresses  in  Framed  Structures,  Strength  of  Materials  and 

Theory  of  Flexures Small  4to,  10  oo 

*Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Stone  and  Clay  Products  used  in  Engineering.     (In  Preparation.) 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Graves's  Forest  Mensuration 8vo,  4  oo 

Green's  Principles  of  American  Forestry I2mo,  i  50 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Holly  and  Ladd's  Analysis  of  Mixed  Paints,  Color  Pigments  and  Varnishes 

Large  12 mo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Kidder's  Architects  and  Builders'  Pocket-book i6mo,  5  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Maire's  Modern  Pigments  and  their  Vehicles   i2mo,  2  oo 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols. 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics '. 8vo,  4  oo 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Rice's  Concrete  Block  Manufacture 8vo,    2  oo 

Richardson's  Modern  Asphalt  Pavements 8vo,  3  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

*Schwarz'sLongleafPinein  Virgin  Forest  ., izmo,  i   25 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements I2mo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Maurer's  Principles  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Construction..  .8vo,  3  oo 
Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo 

9 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrews's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers 3x5  inches,  mor.  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brooks 's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location - i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Butt's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

Crandall's  Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Transition  Curve i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

*  Crockett's  Methods  for  Earthwork  Computations 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:   (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide.  .  .  i6mo,  mor.  2  50 
Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments  8vo,  i  oo 

Ives   and  Hilts's  Problems   in  Surveying,  Railroad   Surveying  and  Geodesy 

i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Raymond's  Railroad  Engineering.     3  volumes. 

Vol.      I.  Railroad  Field  Geometry.     (In  Preparation.) 

Vol.    II.  Elements  of  Railroad  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.  III.  Railroad  Engineer's  Field  Book.     (In  Preparation.) 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

*Trautwine's  Field  Practice  of  Laying   Out  Circular  Curves   for  Railroads. 

i2mo.  mor,  2  50 

*  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Embank- 

ments by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  .2  oo 

Webb's  Economics  of  Railroad  Construction Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Railroad  Construction i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  of  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 

DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "                   "              "            Abridged  Ed 8vo,  150 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers  Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo,  2  50 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  60 

Jamison's  Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.    Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oc 

Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

McLeod's  Descriptive  Geometry Large  i2mo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

10 


Moyer's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching * 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (R.  S.)  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i  25 

Warren's  Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations I2mo,  i  25 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  .  . .  i .  2mo,  i  oo 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing I2mo,  i  50 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry 12010,  i  25 

Problems,  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    Power    of    Transmission.        (Hermann    and 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  (H.  M.)  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  i  oo 

Free-hand  Perspective 8vo,  2  50 

Woolf's  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry Large  8vo,  3  oo 

ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

*  Abegg's  Theory  of  Electrolytic  Dissociation,     (von  Ende.) i2mo,  i  25 

Andrews's  Hand-Book  for  Street  Railway  Engineering, ...  .3X5  inches,  mor.,  i  25 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.) Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements.  .  .  .i2mo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Betts's  Lead  Refining  and  Electrolysis . . . ; 8vo,  4  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.     (Boltwood.).8vo,  3  oo 

*  Collins's  Manual  of  Wireless  Telegraphy i2mo,  i  50 

Mor.  2  oo 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Danneel's  Electrochemistry.     (Merriam.) i2mo,  i  25 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor  5  oo 

Dolezalek's  Theory  of  the  Lead  Accumulator  (Storage  Battery),    (von  Ende.) 

i2mo,  2  50 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Gilbert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

Hobart  and  Ellis's  High-speed  Dynamo  Electric  Machinery.     (In  Press.) 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Telescopic   Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests.  ..  .Large  8vo,  75 

*  Karapetoff's  Experimental  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Kinzbrunner's  Testing  of  Continuous-current  Machines 8vo,  2  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  i2mo,  3  oo 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.     (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyndon's  Development  and  Electrical  Distribntion  of  Water  Power 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.   Vols.  I.  and  II.  8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo,  4  oo 

11 


Morgan's  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solution  and  its  Results izmo,  i  oo 

*  Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers i2mo,  i  50 

Niaudet's  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishback) ....  i2mo,  2  50 

*  Norris's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  2  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.      New  Edition. 

Large  12 mo,  3  50 

*  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.     (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner.).  .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Swapper's  Laboratory  Guide  for  Students  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  ^  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics Large  i2mo,  2  oo 

Hike's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,    2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,    7  oo 

*  Sheep,     7  50 

*  Dudley's  Military  Law  and  the  Procedure  of  Courts-martial  .  . .  .Large  i2mo,     2  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  mor.     i  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,    6  oo 

Sheep,    6  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,    3  oo 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo      5  oo 

Sheep,    5  50 
MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo, 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry.    (Bocher) i2mo, 

*  Buchanan's  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry 8vo, 

Byerley's  Harmonic  Functions 8vo, 

Chandler's  Elements  of  the  Infinitesimal  Calculus i2mo, 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mo, 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations Large  i2mo, 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo, 

Fiske's  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable 8vo, 

Halsted's  Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 

Elements  of  Geometry 8vo, 

*  Rational  Geometry I2mo,         50 

Hyde's  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis 8vo,        oo 

*  Jonnson's  (J   B.)  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:  Vest-pocket  size,  paper,         15 

100  copies,     5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8X 10  inches,         ps 

10  copies,  2  oo 
Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Abridged  Editions  ot  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus 

Large  i2mo,  i  vol.  2  50 

Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,  i  oo 

Differential  Equations 8vo,  i  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus.     (In  Press.) 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Large  I2mo,  i  50 

*  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares 12010,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus Large  1 2010,  3  oo 

Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations. . Large  i2mo,  3  50 

12 


iaplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.). i2mo,     2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass's  Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,     3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,     2  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo,     i  oo 

Macfarlane's  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions 8vo,     i  oo 

McMahon's  Hyperbolic  Functions 8vo,     i  oo 

Manning's  IrrationalNumbers  and  their  Representation  bySequences  and  Series 

i2mo,      i   25 
Mathematical  Monographs.     Edited  by  Mansfield  Merriman  and  Robert 

S.  Woodward Octavo,  each    i  oo 

No.  i.  History  of  Modern  Mathematics,  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
No.  2.  Synthetic  Projective  Geometry,  by  George  Bruce  Halsted. 
No.  3.  Determinants,  by  Laenas  Gifford  Weld.  No.  4.  Hyper- 
bolic Functions,  by  James  McMahon.  No.  S.  Harmonic  Func- 
tions, by  William  E.  Byerly.  No.  6.  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis, 
by  Edward  W.  Hyde.  No.  7.  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors, 
by  Robert  S.  Woodward.  No.  8.  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions, 
by  Alexander  Macfarlane.  No.  9.  Differential  Equations,  by 
William  Woolsey  Johnson.  No.  10.  The  Solution  of  Equations, 
by  Mansfield  Merriman.  No.  n.  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable, 
by  Thomas  S.  Fiske. 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

Men iman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,    2  oo 

Solution  of  Equations 8vo,    i  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one. 

Large  i2mo,     i  50 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus Large  i2mo,    3  oo 

Smith's  History  of  Modern  Mathematics 8vo,    i  oo 

*  Veblen  and  Lennes's  Introduction  to  the  Real  Infinitesimal  Analysis  of  One 

Variable 8vo,    2  oo 

*  Waterbury's  Vest  Pocket  Hand-Book  of  Mathematics  for  Engineers. 

2^X  Sf  inches,  mor.,    i  oo 

Weld's  Determinations 8vo,    i  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,    2  oo 

Woodward's  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors 8vo,    I  oo 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF   ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Bacon's  Forge  Practice i2mo,  i  50 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings i2mo,  2  50 

Bair's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,    150 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes i2mo,    2  oo 

*  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal 8vo,    3  50 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,    6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Large  i2mo,  4  oo 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal  Working I2mo,  i  50 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  Speed  Lathe 12mo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers  Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing I2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

13 


Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  o° 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

Goss'  -,  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication .. .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Hobart  and  Eliis's  High  Speed  Dynamo  Electric  Machinery.     (In  Press.) 

Button's  Gas  Engine 8vo,  5  oo 

Jamison's  Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop  Tools  and  Methods! 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.    (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.)  .  .  8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;   or,  Practical  Mechanism, 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

MacFarland's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

•*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design  .  .  .  .Small  4to,  half  leather,  12  50 

Peele's  Compressed  Air  Plant  for  Mines.     (In  Press.) 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Porter's  Engineering  Reminiscences,  1855  to  1882 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richard's  Compressed  Air I2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design '. 8vo.  3  oo 

Sorel's  Carbureting  and  Combustion  in  Alcohol  Engines.      (Woodward  and 

Preston.) Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics. 

I2mo0  i  oo 

Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in  Machinery  and  Mill  Work...  8vo9  3  oo 

Tillson's  Complete  Automobile  Instructor i6mo,  i  50 

mor.,  2  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i   25 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

*  Waterbury's  Vest  Pocket  Hand  Book  of  Mathematics  for  Engineers. 

2|X 5s  inches,  mor.,  i  oo 
Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the    Power    of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  po 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .Svo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Holley  and  Ladd's  Analysis  of  Mixed  Paints,  Color  Pigments,  and  Varnishes. 

Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

14 


Maire's  Modern  Pigments  and  their  Vehicles I2mo,  2  oo 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  5<> 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*         Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users lamo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering,  see  Civil  Engineering, 
page  9. 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Treatise  on   the    Resistance    of    Materials  and    an  Appendix  on  the 

Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo 

STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Berry's  Temperature-entropy  Diagram I2mo,  i  25 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) i2mo,  i  50 

Chase's  Art  of  Pattern  Making i2mo,  2  50 

Creighton's  Steam-engine  and  other  Heat-motors 8vo,  500 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Performance 8vo,  5  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and- Steam-engine  Economy i2mo,  2  oo 

Button's  Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam  boiler  Economy 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  i  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Moyer's  Steam  Turbines.     (Tn  Press.) 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo.  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors 8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) • I2mo,  i  25 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.     New  Edition. 

Large  12 mo,  3  50 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management I2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice I2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice .8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Notes  on  Thermodynamics I2mo,  i  oo 

Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thomas's  Steam-turbines 8vo,  4  oo 

Thurston's  Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indi- 
cator and  the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  oo 

Handy  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation..8vo,  5  oo 

15 


Thurston's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I.     History,  Structure,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II.     Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice 12 mo,  i  50 

Wehrenfenning's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water  (Patterson)  8vo,  4  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines.  .  .8vo,  4~oo 

MECHANICS  PURE  AND  APPLIED. 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  oo 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools.  .12010,  i  50 
Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics: 

Vol.      I.     Kinematics 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.    II.     Statics 8vo,  4  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  4to,  7  50 

VoL  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics V 8vo,  2  50 

James's  Kinematics  of  a  Point  and  the  Rational  Mechanics  of  a  Particle. 

Large  12mo,  2  oo 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics 12mo,  3  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

*  Martin's  Text  Book  on  Mechanics,  Vol.  I,  Statics 12mo,  i  25 

*  Vol.  2,  Kinematics  and  Kinetics  .  .I2mo,     1  50 
Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Mechanics 12mo,     i  oo 

Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism^ 8vo,  3  oo 

Sanborn's  Mechanics  Problems Large  I2mo,  i  50 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics 12mo,    I  25 

MEDICAL. 

Abderhalden's  Physiological  Chemistry  in  Thirty  Lectures.     (Hall  and  Defren). 

(In  Press). 
von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,     i  oo 

*  Bolduan's  Immune  Sera i2mo,     i  50 

Davenport's  Statistical  Methods  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Varia- 
tions   i6mo,  mor.,     i  50 

Ehrlich's  Collected  Studies  on  Immunity.     (Bolduan.) 8vo,  6  o« 

*  Fischer's  Physiology  of  Alimentation Large  i2mo,  cloth,  2  oo 

de  Fursac's  Manual  of  Psychiatry.     (Rosanoff  and  Collins.) Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  on  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  ..8vo,  i  25 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.     (Lorenz.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Mandel's  Hand  Book  for  the  Bio-Chemical  Laboratory 12010,  i  50 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.) . . .  .  12010,  i  25 

*  Pozzi-Escot's  Toxins  and  Venoms  and  their  Antibodies.     (Cohn.) 1 2010,  i  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) 12010,  i  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,  2  oo 

Whys  in  Pharmacy I2mo,  i  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Satterlee's  Outlines  of  Human  Embryology 12010,  i  25 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50 

16 


Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,  3  So 

*  Whipple's  Typhoid  Fever Large  I2mo,  3  oo 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 

Worcester  and  Atkinson's  Small  Hospitals  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 

and  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture,  with  Plans  for  a  Small 

Hospital I2mo,  i  25  . 

METALLURGY. 

Betts's  Lead  Refining  by  Electrolysis 8vo.  4  oo 

Bolland's  Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms    Used 

in  the  Practice  of  Moulding I2mo,  3  oo 

Iron  Founder I2mo.  2  50 

"         "       Supplement I2mo,  2  50 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects I2mo,  i  oo 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals:     A  Reference  Book , . . .  .  i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting 12mo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  12 mo,  3  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users 12mo,  2  oo 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process 12mo  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) 12mo,  2  50 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruer's  Elements  of  Metallography.     (Mathewson).     (In  Press.) 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines 12mo,  i  co 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering,  see  Civil  Engineering, 
page  9. 

Part    II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  So 

Part  HI.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice I2mo,  2  50 

Moulders  Text  Book 12mo,  2  50 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process 12mo,  i  50 

Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.,  Oblong,  morocco,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo  3  oo 

Boyd's  Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form.  2  oo 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Butler's  Pocket  Hand-Book  of  Minerals 16mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Crane's  Gold  and  Silver.     (In  Press.) 

Dana's  First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  " System  of  Mineralogy. ." .  .Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography I2mo  2  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them I2mo,  i  50 

System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather,  12  50 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects I2mo.  i  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables - 8vo,  i  25 

Stone  and  Clay  Products  Used  in  Engineering.     (In  Preparation). 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,mor.  300 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall)  . I2mo,  i  25 

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*Iddings's  Rock  Minerals 8vo,  5  oo- 

Johannsen's  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals  in  Thin  Sections 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe,  izmo,  60 
Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals:  Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  500 

*  Penfifeld's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Tables    of    Minerals,    Including   the  Use  of  Minerals  and  Statistics  of 

Domestic  Production 8vo,  i  oo 

Pirsson's  Rocks  and  Rock  Minerals.     (In  Press.)' 

*  Richards's  Synopsis  of  Mineral  Characters 12 mo,  mor.  125 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

MINING. 

*  Beard's  Mine  Gases  and  Explosions Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Boyd's  Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oa 

Crane ' s  Gold  and  Silver.     ( I  n  Press.) 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects xzmo,  I  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8ro,  4  oo 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting : I2mo,  2  50 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process I2mo,  i  oa 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Peele ' s  Compressed  Air  Plant  for  Mines .     (In  Press. ) 

Riemer '  s  Shaft  Sinking  Under  Difficult  Conditions .     ( Corning  and  Peele) . . .  8vo ,  300 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process izmo,  i  50 

Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining.     2d  edition,  rewritten I2mo,  2  50 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation T2mo,  i  25 

SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Association  of  State  and  National  Food  and  Dairy  Departments,  Hartford  Meeting, 

1906 8vo,  3  oo 

Jamestown  Meeting,  1907 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Bashore's  Outlines  of  Practical  Sanitation 12mo,  i  25 

Sanitation  of  a  Country  House 12mo,  i  oo 

Sanitation  of  Recreation  Camps  and  Parks 12mo,  i  oo 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.  (Designing,  Construction,  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering fivo,  4  op 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses 12mo,  2  oa 

Fuertes's  Water-filtration  Works 12mo,  2  50 

Water  and  Public  Health 12mo,  i  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection 16mo,  i  oo 

*  Modern  Baths  and  Bath  Houses 8vo,  3  oo 

Sanitation  of  Public  Buildings 12mo,  i  50 

Hazen's  Clean  Water  and  How  to  Get  It Large  12mo,  i  50 

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Kinnicut,  Winslow  and  Pratt's  Purification  of  Sewage.     (In  Press.) 

Leach's   Inspection   and    Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo»  7  oo 

Mason's  Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological) 12mo,  i  25 

Water-supply.  (Considered  principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint) .  .  8vo,  4  oo 
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So 
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*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,    a  oo 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design I2mo,    2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,     2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis 12mo, 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation. 12mo, 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries 12mo, 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science 12 mo, 

Cost  of  Shelter 12mo, 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  Dietary  Computer 8vo, 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point  8vo,    2  oo 

Rideal's  Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  oo 

Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Soper's  Air  and  Ventilation  of  Subways.     (In  Press.) 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,    5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

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Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,    3  50 

*  Typhod  Fever Large  12mo,     3  oo 

Value  of  Pure  Water Large  12mo,     i  oo 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,    7  So 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vo,  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo,  4  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i8mo,  i  oo 

Gannett's  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  World 24mo,  75 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management 12 mo,  2  50 

*  Hanusek's  The  Microscopy  of  Technical  Products.    (Winton) .8vo,  5  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1894. 

Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Rotherham's  Emphasized  New  Testament Large  8vo,  oo 

Standage's  Decoration  of  Wood,  Glass,  Metal,  etc 12mo,  oo 

Thome's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany.    (Bennett) 16mo,  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider) 8vo,  oo 

Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy 12mo,  50 


HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar I2mo,     i  25 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,    5  oo 

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